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This is the "Guide to the Core Literature of Social Media Research"

001 articles

Starting today, we hope to do an interesting and important thing: to sort out the core literature of social media research and try to draw an academic map for this field.

Today, the 001st paper of this project is pushed, and it is also the most cited paper in social media research: Social Website: Definition, History and Academic Map.

Boyd, D.M., & Ellison, N.B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer ‐ Mediated Communication, 13 (1), 210-230. (Cited: 18601)

The question we want to answer is:

★ In this paper, how do Boyd and Ellision define social networking sites?

★ What does this definition inspire the research of social networking sites?

★ What amendments have been made to this definition in the follow-up study?

Of course, in addition to reading, if you are interested in this plan and want to "blend in" together, please read the project plan at the end of the push and contact us.

In the history of social networking sites, 2007 is worth remembering. At the end of this year, Read/WriteWeb, a well-known Internet technology review blog, decided to award the IT company of the year award to Facebook, not Google. The reason is that Facebook broke the closed system of traditional social networking sites and allowed users to obtain plug-ins from third-party companies in the site. In other words, since then, Facebook has raised its "connection" potential to a new level and become an open co-writing space.

In 2007, beyond the commercial horizon, social networking sites, as academic research objects, also ushered in its landmark works, and the key word was still "connection". If we look back in 2007, a lot of academic research on social networking sites has been accumulated in the field of humanities and social sciences, but the dialogue between them is still incomplete and needs to be integrated urgently. Therefore, the Journal of Computer Aided Communication (JCMC) published a special issue on social networking sites in 2007, and invited two scholars, danah boyd and Nicole Ellison, to write an opening article. In this opening article, two scholars discussed the definition, history and academic map of social networking sites. Among them, their definition of social networking sites has been widely cited by subsequent studies and has become a classic work in the field of social networking sites.

Here we need to briefly explain from three levels why "definition" is important for social networking sites. First, the definition represents the boundary of research. Tampering with raymond carver’s words means what we are talking about when we are talking about social networking sites. Second, the definition focuses on the research field of vision. In our definition, we distinguish social networking sites from other types of websites, and the difference is likely to be the focus of follow-up research. Third, the evolution of definition also reflects the changes of technology. Social networking sites are essentially evolving with technological updates. In the following, we will focus on the definition of social networking sites in this paper and the revision of this definition in subsequent research.

In boyd and Ellison’s review, as of 2007, social networking sites have experienced three stages of development. Sixdegree.com, established in 1997, is regarded as the starting point of social networking site. However, perhaps because it was too ahead of the times, the site announced that it would stop operating in 2001. 2003 witnessed the second stage of the development of social networking sites. Many social networking sites have mushroomed and gradually become mainstream. One of the representative websites is MySpace, which we are familiar with. Then, in the third stage, the appearance of Facebook expanded the influence of social networking sites to a global scale. So, can we sort out a common clue for these different social networking sites? What are the similarities between them, which can be summarized under the same noun?

In this paper, the two authors define social networking sites as follows:

"We define social networking sites as an Internet-based service. It allows individuals (1) to establish a public or semi-public personal homepage in a closed system; (2) establish a connection with other users and present a list of contacts on the personal homepage; And (3) viewing and shuttling through the list of connections established by oneself and others in the system. The nature and naming of these links may vary from website to website. "

Next, we will briefly interpret these three characteristics:

1. Home page

The first keyword in the definition of social networking sites is the home page. Personal homepage is the pillar of social media and the basic unit and node of social networking sites, which is one of the most important differences between social networking sites, instant messaging tools and BBS. According to boyd and Ellison, the magic of personal homepage is that it allows users to "type themselves into being". For example, users need to fill in a series of questions on their personal homepage, such as head portrait, age, residence, interests, and a series of "about me" information. This process is self-sketching. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand why the research on self-construction and impression management in social networking sites has been launched since the 1990s and has become one of the core concepts of the research.

Step 2 connect

The second keyword in the definition of social networking sites is connection. The author thinks that the uniqueness of social networking sites is not that they allow individuals to meet strangers, but that they allow users to show their social networks. This is another important difference between social networking sites and instant messaging tools. What excites researchers is that this relationship has different names in different social media-Weibo calls it "fans", Twitter calls it "followers" and Facebook calls it "friends". So, what is the relationship between people in social networking sites? More interestingly, when social networking sites use the title "friend", how will the meaning of the word "friend" change quietly?

Step 3 shuttle

The third keyword in the definition of social networking sites is traverse. This word has at least two dimensions. First, people can shuttle through their friends lists and check their friends’ messages at any time, so they can establish their own relationship network; Secondly, people can often check who their friends have. Recall that when Sixdegree.com used the metaphor of "six dimensions" in naming, he actually expressed the value of the second layer of shuttle. Similarly, one of the visions of Tinder, a dating software, is to firmly believe that people with common friends are more likely to become friends. If we continue along this line of thought, we will surely meet Caroline Haythornthwaite’s classic research on "latent ties" in 2005. Of course, from another perspective, when you are shuttling with other people’s homepages, you are also being shuttled by others. This also explains why privacy and visibility will become an important clue in the research of social networking sites.

Since its publication, the paper I introduced to you has been cited by tens of thousands of follow-up studies, most of which focus on its definition of social networking sites. However, if we stand in today’s coordinates and look back at this definition more than ten years ago, we may feel some old traces of the times. With the evolution of technology, have these three keywords changed? After all, definition can only be responsible for defining "being", but not for predicting "becoming".

In 2013, boyd and Ellison joined forces again to update the three characteristics of this definition, which are briefly described as follows for your reference:

(1) The importance of personal homepage has been greatly reduced, and social networking sites have changed from homepage-oriented socialization to behavior-oriented socialization. Even if the homepage still exists, it is no longer a static self-description, but a dynamic combination of different types of status updates.

(2) Friend list no longer only describes the circle of friends of users, but more importantly, it shows a social graph of users through algorithms.

(3) Social networking sites provide more possibilities for shuttle. Users used to only use social networking sites to establish and maintain their own relationship circle, so shuttle is closed in nature. With the continuous introduction of new functions, this closeness has been constantly broken. For example, hashtags allow people to jump out of their circle of friends and meet strangers at a more public level.

Accordingly, boyd and Ellison also gave a new definition of social networking site:

Social networking site is a networked communication platform, in which participants (1) have a unique and identifiable personal homepage, which includes the content provided by users themselves, the content provided by other users, and the data content at the system level (2) can publicly display their social relationships and be browsed and shuttled by others (3) can consume, produce and/or interact with the content stream provided by contacts in the site.

This change in technology and culture can also be reflected in the purport of researchers, such as algorithms and privacy, tag community and other research topics have gradually emerged and highlighted. Of course, even if the definitions provided by boyd and Ellison are updated, it has been seven years since this article was written. What changes have taken place in the characteristics of social networking sites? What surprises can these changes provide for our research and thinking?

From this point of view, American scholar Jeff Pooley is right, and communication research is destined to be a humble undertaking, because the continuous updating and iteration of technology will make us push a stone up the mountain like Sisyphus in Greek mythology, and then see it roll back again and again until forever.

Note: It should be noted that the two authors used "Social Network Site" instead of Social Media. If we make a diachronic analysis of the researcher’s choice of "wording", we will find the characteristics of the times. Between 2003 and 2008, the word "social networking site" was used twice as much as "social media" in research papers. However, from 2009 to 2014, this relationship was reversed, and social media has largely replaced the term "social networking site". Social media is the result of the continuous expansion of technology developers. Compared with social networking sites, it has a wider extension, or social networking sites have now condescended to become a subset of social media. See McCay-Peet & Quan-Haase, 2017.

Next, it is an advertisement. ……

Our Social Media Research Core Literature Reading Guide Program

Officially began to recruit participants.

1. What do we hope to do: We hope to systematically sort out the English core papers and latest research on social media research and draw an "academic map" in this research field.

Second, how do we want to do this? We will connect a clue for these studies on the basis of understanding them through reading guidance and discussion.

Third, what principles will we choose the literature according to:

(1) The most frequently discussed questions and keywords in the top English journals.

(2) The core topics contained in the Handbook published by 2)Sage, Oxford and other institutions in the fields of Internet and social media.

(3) Based on the categories of the first two, the core original works that are most worth reading are selected.

4. What is the value of this matter? We will jointly understand the approach of social media research and introduce the latest international research progress in a crowdsourcing form.

5. How do we accomplish this? We will recruit master students and doctoral students who are interested in social media and have a good English level to read and discuss together, and in the process, we will gain an academic map of our own.

6. What documents will we read specifically: In addition to the classic papers pushed in this issue, the following examples give ten examples, hoping to give you a general idea of what research we are paying attention to.

1. The Extended Self of the Digital World

Belk, R. W. (2013). Extended self in adigital world. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(3), 477-500.

2. The Benefits of Facebook Friends: Social Capital and the Use of Social Networking Sites for College Students.

Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and collegestudents’ use of online social network sites. Journal of computer-mediatedcommunication, 12(4), 1143-1168.

3. "Everyone knows your (online) name: online games as a" third place ""

Steinkuehler, C. A., & Williams, D.(2006). Where everybody knows your (screen) name: Online games as “thirdplaces”. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 11(4), 885-909.

4. "Digital Native (Young) Residents (Young) People (Children): the Difference of Internet Skills and Use of the Internet Generation"

Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital na (t) ives? Variation in internet skills and uses among members of the “netgeneration”. Sociological inquiry, 80(1), 92-113.

5. "Want to be at the top? The pow of algorithms and that threat of invisibility in face book.

Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New media& society, 14(7), 1164-1180.

6. "What’s in the smile? How do people with disabilities participate in politics through selfies and emotions?

Yadlin-Segal, A. (2019). What’s in a smile? Politicizing disability through selfies and affect. Journal ofComputer-Mediated Communication, 24(1), 36-50.

7. "You Never Know Who’s Watching": Imaginary Monitoring in Social Media Platform.

Duffy, B. E., & Chan, N. K. (2019). “Younever really know who’s looking”: Imagined surveillance across social mediaplatforms. New Media & Society, 21(1), 119-138.

8. The Echo Room is Overrated: Political Interest and the Moderating Effect of Multi-media.

Dubois, E., & Blank, G. (2018). The echochamber is overstated: the moderating effect of political interest and diversemedia. Information, Communication & Society, 21(5), 729-745.

9. From Participatory Culture to Participatory Fatigue: Public Issues.

Porlezza C. From participatory culture toparticipatory fatigue: The problem with the public. Social Media + Society,2019, 5(3): 2056305119856684.

10. "Roaming Method: A Path to Research APP"

Light, B., Burgess, J.,& Duguay, S. (2018). The walkthrough method: An approach to the study ofapps. New media & society, 20(3), 881-900.

Original title: "What are we talking about when we talk about social networking sites? 》

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　　 　Adhering to integrity and innovation is an important "password" for scientific theory to keep its vitality forever. In the new era, the Communist Party of China (CPC) people regard "upholding integrity and innovation" as a scientific method to promote theoretical innovation, which opens up a new realm of the modernization of Marxism in China. Culture is the soul of a country and a nation, and it is the field that needs to be upright and innovative most. The cultural thought of the supreme leader is the theoretical achievement of innovation and development in keeping integrity, which embodies the spiritual characteristics of keeping integrity and innovation. Under the guidance of the supreme leader’s cultural thought, our party and people have strengthened their cultural self-confidence and made historic achievements in promoting cultural construction. Focusing on the new cultural mission of the new era, we must persist in recognizing ourselves by being upright, be firm in our direction, grasp the present and meet the future with innovation, and strive to contribute to the construction of the modern civilization of the Chinese nation.

　　The cultural thought of the supreme leader is a great achievement of keeping integrity and innovation.

　　 　A history of the modernization of Marxism in China is the history of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people promoting the new development of Marxism in the process of innovation. Marxism is not only a scientific theory, but also a developing and open theory. In the extraordinary course of more than a hundred years, our Party has repeatedly stressed that the basic principles of Marxism must be observed, and at the same time, it has to "write new works and form new theories" to promote the continuous development of Marxism as a sacred duty and constantly write a new chapter in the modernization of Marxism in China. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our Party has put forward and adhered to the fundamental approach of "two combinations", enriched and developed Marxism with brand-new ideological content, founded Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in a new era, and achieved a new leap in the modernization of Marxism in China. As the cultural chapter of the Supreme Leader’s Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era, the Supreme Leader’s cultural thought is an important theoretical achievement of upholding integrity and innovation.

　　 　"Keeping the right" means sticking to the truth and the right path. The "correctness" of the supreme leader’s cultural thought is embodied in his persistent adherence to Marxist cultural theory and socialist cultural direction. This thought always adheres to the Marxist cultural ideal and value pursuit, insists on observing and thinking about cultural issues with historical materialism, and clearly opposes historical nihilism and cultural nihilism; Efforts should be made to consolidate the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological field and adhere to the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s cultural leadership and the fundamental direction of socialist cultural development. The "integrity" of the supreme leader’s cultural thought is also reflected in the conscious inheritance of Chinese excellent traditional culture. This thought puts forward and adheres to the fundamental requirements of "two combinations", summarizes and refines the outstanding characteristics and cultural essence of Chinese civilization, and emphasizes the consolidation of the cultural subjectivity of the Chinese nation in consolidating the foundation, cultivating the source and dredging the flow, which has laid a solid cultural foundation for the development and progress of contemporary China and polished the distinctive cultural characteristics of Chinese civilization’s exchanges with the world.

　　 　"Innovation" means the courage to explore and open up new horizons. The "innovation" of the supreme leader’s cultural thought is embodied in his creative revelation of the law of socialist cultural construction and his innovative guidance of contemporary China’s cultural development practice. This thought keenly grasps the new development of the times and the new changes of the world situation and national conditions, and puts forward a series of new ideas, new viewpoints and new conclusions around major theoretical and practical issues in the field of cultural construction, such as theoretical armed forces, public opinion propaganda, ideological and moral construction, cultural literature and art, network construction and management, and foreign propaganda work, which has enabled our party to reach a new height in its understanding of the laws of cultural construction in Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　 　"Correctness" and "innovation" complement each other and are dialectical unity. The cultural thoughts of the Supreme Leader not only adhere to the "ancestors", but also speak a lot of "new words". On the basis of the present, they integrate history and focus on the future, condensing the essence of Chinese culture and China spirit, and have made original contributions to enriching and developing Marxist cultural theory and inheriting and developing Chinese excellent traditional culture.

　　The spirit of integrity and innovation runs through the cultural thought of the supreme leader.

　　 　At the symposium on cultural inheritance and development, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized three aspects on how to continue to promote cultural prosperity, build a cultural power and build a modern civilization of the Chinese nation at a new starting point, namely, strengthening cultural self-confidence, upholding openness and tolerance, and persisting in integrity and innovation. Here, upholding integrity and innovation is not only one of them, but also the foothold of the three. To shoulder the new cultural mission in the new era is, in the final analysis, to create new glory of socialist culture in the process of integrity and innovation. It can be said that keeping integrity and innovation is not only the spiritual background of the formation and establishment of a series of original achievements in the cultural thought of the supreme leader, but also the spiritual characteristics that run through all aspects of the cultural thought of the supreme leader.

　　 　The spirit of keeping integrity and innovation is embodied in the clear emphasis on cultural mission. The Communist Party of China (CPC) is a political party with a strong sense of cultural mission, and has always made unremitting efforts to build a new culture of the Chinese nation. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, our party has repeatedly stressed the need to shoulder new cultural missions and create new glories of socialist culture. At the symposium on cultural inheritance and development, the Supreme Leader further pointed out that "the best inheritance of history is to create a new history, and the greatest respect for human civilization is to create a new form of human civilization". "It is our new cultural mission to continue to promote cultural prosperity, build a cultural power and build a modern civilization of the Chinese nation at a new starting point." The spirit of being upright and innovative is embedded in the cultural mission we are shouldering: the culture we are committed to today is a new organic and unified cultural life formed by the combination of Marxist scientific theory and Chinese excellent traditional culture genes, and the cultural power and modern civilization of the Chinese nation we are committed to building are the continuation of ancient culture and civilization and the creative transformation and innovative development of excellent traditions. "Although Zhou was an old state, his life was reformed." Only by upholding the spirit of integrity and innovation can we deeply understand and consciously shoulder this new cultural mission and promote the rejuvenation of Chinese culture and civilization.

　　 　The spirit of keeping upright and innovating is embodied in the perseverance of the cultural road. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed: "It is the only way to open up and develop Socialism with Chinese characteristics on the profound foundation of Chinese civilization for more than 5,000 years, and to combine the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of China and the excellent traditional Chinese culture." Cultural construction is an important part of the overall layout of Socialism with Chinese characteristics’s career, and "two combinations" is also the only way to build a socialist cultural power and create a new glory of Chinese culture. The fundamental path of "two combinations" itself clearly embodies the characteristics and requirements of being upright and innovative. "Combination" has laid a solid foundation for our way forward and given Socialism with Chinese characteristics a broader and far-reaching historical depth for its cultural development. "Combination" also gives us a cultural space for innovation, which enables us to master the ideological and cultural initiative, make full use of the valuable resources of Chinese excellent traditional culture and explore future-oriented cultural innovation.

　　 　The spirit of keeping upright and innovating is embodied in the repeated exposition of cultural spirit. The spirit of integrity and innovation is an essential spiritual trait to support and lead a cultural system to move forward and flourish, and it is also an important content repeatedly mentioned and emphasized by General Secretary of the Supreme Leader when discussing cultural spiritual issues. Looking back at history, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly revealed the spirit of integrity and innovation contained in Chinese culture and civilization, emphasizing that "the Chinese nation is a nation of integrity and innovation" and that "Chinese civilization has the cultural subjectivity and vigorous vitality of self-development, responding to challenges and creating new opportunities"; Chinese civilization has outstanding innovation, which "fundamentally determines the enterprising spirit of the Chinese nation to be upright and not conservative, to respect the ancient and not to go back to the ancient". Based on the present and looking forward to the future, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader attaches great importance to the cultivation and promotion of the spirit of upholding integrity and innovation, emphasizing that "when I propose upholding integrity and innovation, I mean that I will not take the old road of being closed and rigid, nor will I take the evil road of changing my flag". "Cultural workers in the new era must continue the historical context and write contemporary Chinese chapters with the righteousness and spirit of upholding integrity and innovation". These important conclusions profoundly reveal the internal causes of Chinese culture and civilization from the perspective of keeping integrity and innovation, and provide important guidance for the cultivation and promotion of cultural spirit in the new era.

　　 　The spirit of keeping upright and innovating is embodied in the practical requirements for all fronts in the cultural field. The cultural thought of the supreme leader is a systematic and complete scientific system. Adhering to integrity and innovation is not only an important thinking method of the supreme leader’s cultural thought, but also an important working method. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized that "for cultural construction, being upright can keep you from losing yourself and your direction, and innovation can keep you abreast of the times and lead the times", highlighting the significance of persisting in being upright and innovative. When the Supreme Leader General Secretary led the work in specific fields of cultural construction, he repeatedly emphasized the principles and requirements of upholding integrity and innovation. For example, he emphasized that propaganda and ideological work in the new era should "persist in striving for progress while maintaining integrity and innovation", and hoped that literary and art workers would "grasp the relationship between inheritance and innovation, learn from the past and break the law, so as to make Chinese excellent traditional culture an important source of literary and artistic innovation" and exhorted cultural industry practitioners to "firmly grasp the correct orientation, persist in upholding integrity and innovation, and ensure the cultural industry. It can be said that the spirit of integrity and innovation runs through all aspects of the party’s deployment and promotion of propaganda and ideological and cultural work in the new era.

　　Being upright and innovating is a distinctive feature of cultural construction practice in the new era.

　　 　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader profoundly pointed out: "The theoretical leap is not reflected in the originality of words and expressions, nor in the self-consistency and self-proof of logic. In the final analysis, it should be reflected in answering practical questions and leading the development of practice." As an important theoretical achievement of upholding integrity and innovation, the supreme leader’s cultural thought integrates the spiritual characteristics of upholding integrity and innovation into all aspects of cultural practice in guiding the cultural development in the new era, leading to a breakthrough in promoting the construction of a cultural power.

　　 　Stick to the soul of Marxism and write a new chapter in ideological work in the process of radical reform. Ideology determines the nature and direction of culture, which concerns the future and destiny of the party and the country. At the same time, China’s ideological field is facing new situation requirements, and it is necessary to focus on strengthening the cohesion and leading force of socialist ideology in the process of maintaining integrity and innovation. In practice, our party has established and adhered to the fundamental system of Marxism’s guiding position in the ideological field, insisted on promoting the modernization of Marxism in China with "two combinations", and promoted the party’s innovative theory in the new era with rich and diverse forms, paths and methods. Firmly defend the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s cultural leadership, fully implement the ideological work responsibility system, promote the construction and innovation of communication means, improve the communication power, guidance, influence and credibility of news and public opinion, and keep the Internet as the main position, main battlefield and forefront of ideological struggle to create a clear cyberspace; Promote the construction of discipline system, academic system and discourse system of philosophy and social sciences with China characteristics, adhere to the problem orientation, respond to the call of the times, and accelerate the construction of China’s independent knowledge system. In the unremitting efforts to break through simultaneously, stir up turmoil and promote the Qing Dynasty, the ideological situation in China has undergone an overall and fundamental change, and the cohesion and centripetal force of the whole society have been greatly improved, effectively consolidating the common ideological foundation of the United struggle of the whole party and the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country.

　　 　Adhere to the roots of Chinese excellent traditional culture and create new glory of Chinese culture in the process of bringing forth the old and bringing forth the new. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) people have taken a strong historical responsibility to vigorously carry out the inheritance and development project of Chinese excellent traditional culture, deepen the project of exploring the source of Chinese civilization, make full use of the new technologies and means brought by the development of modern science and technology to protect the roots of civilization, and strive to revitalize the strong vitality of Chinese excellent traditional culture; Carry forward the spiritual pedigree of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people with the great spirit of party building as the source, carry out the study and education of party history and the "four histories", innovate and carry out commemorative activities, commend national feats, and continue the red gene and red blood; Adhere to the people-centered creative orientation, guide literary and art workers to vividly reflect the changes of the times, the progress of China and the call of the people, promote the all-round development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries, carry out the project of benefiting the people through culture, and strive to meet the growing spiritual and cultural needs of the people. The series of measures focus on linking Chinese excellent traditional culture, revolutionary culture and advanced socialist culture, promoting the prosperity and development of Socialism with Chinese characteristics culture in the new era, promoting the widespread promotion of socialist core values in the whole society, significantly enhancing the cultural self-confidence of the whole party and the people of the whole country, and condensing more active spiritual strength for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

　　 　Adhere to the right path of human civilization development and show the new image of Chinese civilization in exchanges and mutual learning. The era background of the accelerated evolution and deep interaction of the "two overall situations" puts forward higher requirements for us to do a good job in cultural exchange and mutual learning of civilizations in the process of defending integrity and innovation. Our party is committed to seeking great harmony for the world, conforming to the general trend of the evolution of human civilization, based on the practice of Chinese modernization, adhering to the position of Chinese culture, proposing and practicing the concept of a community of human destiny, proposing global civilization initiatives, carrying forward the common values of all mankind, and dedicating its achievements in cultural innovation and creation to the world; Accelerate the construction of China discourse and China narrative system, speed up the construction of international communication ability, tell the story of China to the world and spread the voice of China; We will expand ways for civilized exchanges and mutual learning, strengthen international cultural exchanges with the help of public products such as the Belt and Road Initiative, and hold sports and cultural events such as the Winter Olympics and the Asian Games to provide a broad stage for world cultural exchanges and mutual learning. At present, China’s national cultural soft power and Chinese cultural influence have been significantly improved. China’s wisdom, China’s ideas and China’s spirit have been widely spread in the world, which have been understood, respected and shared by more and more people and made important contributions to the development and progress of human civilization.

　　Being upright and innovating is the fundamental law to create a new culture worthy of our new era.

　　 　Under the background of the accelerated evolution and deep interaction of the "two overall situations", cultural construction is facing new situations and new tasks. We must earnestly enhance our ideological recognition and action consciousness of leading the practice of cultural construction in the new era and new journey with the cultural thought of the supreme leader, take on new cultural missions with the integrity and spirit of being upright and innovative, and promote the cultural construction work to constantly show new weather and new actions.

　　 　The first is to explore cultural practice with the spirit of integrity and innovation. All human social life is practical in essence. It is the foundation and premise to realize cultural prosperity and development to develop cultural practice in keeping integrity and innovation. On the basis of profoundly grasping the essential law of cultural change and adhering to the correct direction of cultural development, we should further carry forward the enterprising spirit of pioneering and innovation and the fearless character of bravely accepting new things, focus on deepening the reform of cultural system in practice, constantly explore new ways, models and methods of cultural practice, and continuously enhance cultural cohesion, enhance cultural creativity and expand cultural radiation. The great creation of the people is an inexhaustible source of cultural innovation. To develop cultural practice in innovation, we must always adhere to the principle of "walking with the people in the same direction", firmly base ourselves on the people’s vivid production and life practices, vigorously tap the wisdom and strength contained in the broad masses of people, respect the people’s initiative, and fully stimulate the people’s cultural creativity.

　　 　The second is to cultivate cultural products with the spirit of integrity and innovation. Whether you can produce and create excellent cultural works is an important yardstick to test the cultural creativity of a country and a nation. Cultural masterpieces must be deeply rooted in the rich heritage of national culture. Without keeping the "righteousness" of historical context and losing national characteristics, it is impossible to produce cultural masterpieces that directly reach people’s hearts. At the same time, the cultivation of high-quality works should closely follow the tide of the times, and it is impossible to reflect the "change" of the development of the times with new content and new forms, and it is impossible to form vivid and vivid cultural products. As cultural workers in the new era, we should strengthen our historical and cultural self-confidence, persist in making the past serve the present and bring forth the new, make full use of new technologies and new means to stimulate creative inspiration, enrich cultural connotations, express thoughts and feelings, strive for perfection and innovation, and strive to form excellent works worthy of the nation and the times, so that the cultural tree rooted in historical context and bathed in brilliance in the era will blossom brilliantly.

　　 　The third is to develop cultural theory with the spirit of integrity and innovation. Theory originates from practice and actively reacts to practice, blossoming and bearing fruit in close interaction with practice, and constantly blooming new vitality. The cultural thought of the supreme leader is an open, scientific and systematic ideological system, which will be enriched and developed with the gradual deepening of practice. We should strengthen the research and interpretation of the supreme leader’s cultural thought based on the practice of contemporary China’s cultural construction, deeply grasp its core essence, spiritual essence, rich connotation and practical requirements, and profoundly expound the generating logic and internal relationship of the principled theoretical achievements in this thought. "Marxism does not exclude all truth, no matter when and where it comes from, as long as it is truth, it can be used as a nutrient to enrich and develop itself." Enriching and developing cultural theory in the innovation of upholding integrity also requires us to face the world and the future, learn from others’ wisdom and make dialectical choices in the "sum of human knowledge" under the premise of firmly adhering to the "upholding integrity" of "two combinations", so as to promote the continuous enrichment and development of China-oriented and modernized Marxist cultural theory.

　　 　(Author: Shen Zhuanghai Liu Shuijing, both professors of Marxism College of Wuhan University)

　　As of 18: 00 on July 6, according to the information of North China Meteorological Center of Civil Aviation, the Capital Airport is in continuous rainy weather. The Capital Airport plans to carry out 115 sorties, of which 584 have been carried out and 601 have been cancelled. While passengers are waiting anxiously, some people are "brushing" air delay insurance. According to the investigation of Beijing Youth Daily reporter, many "airline extension insurance" are quietly changing their faces, some are hiding and reluctant to sell, some are selling "packaged airline insurance", and some are pushing "annual cards". It is not easy to "bonus hunter" from insurance companies.

　　A business traveler once posted that when he found that there might be bad weather, he bought the "air delay insurance" of several airlines at one time, plus the flight extension insurance that was given free of charge by holding a credit card. When he encountered a flight delay of 6 hours, he earned 2,000 yuan, which was more than the ticket price. However, recently, many netizens found that the air delay insurance is not cheap, not only can’t get wool, but even can’t find it if they want to buy it.

　　Flight extension insurance is packaged into "aviation insurance" for sale.

　　Mr. Zeng, who travels to and from Beijing and Shenzhen on business at least once or three times a month, found that the price of "flight delay insurance" has quietly increased recently. For example, a flight delay insurance purchased through WeChat WeChat official account has been discontinued. The customer service told him that it was now changed to "economic" flight extension insurance in 35 yuan, and the insurance project increased the aviation accident liability of 1 million yuan. When the arrival was delayed for 3 hours, the return flight and the alternate flight, 200 yuan could be compensated; The price of the "exclusive money" is 50 yuan, and 300 yuan can be compensated if the arrival is delayed for 2 hours, when returning home or making an alternate flight. As we all know, "aviation insurance" is a product with a very small probability of claims, and consumers think that it is suspected of doubling the price in disguise.

　　The flight extension insurance "hide and seek" can’t find the link through three or four pages.

　　Some netizens said that they can’t buy flight delay insurance on Alipay, which means that the platform has quietly removed the "flight delay insurance". Yesterday, the relevant person in charge of Ant Financial said that the platform also has sales of flight extension insurance, but the entrance is not on the main page, so it is not easy for consumers to find it.

　　The reporter of Beiqing Daily saw that the "Insurance Service" icon should be found on Alipay’s homepage first, and then the "Travel" button was found. After entering, there was still no obvious link to the flight delay insurance products. From top to bottom, I turned almost three or four pages to the 11th product, only to see the product with the words "Domestic Travel Insurance Domestic" and click in to find a "Travel Delay Insurance" provided by Allianz Insurance.

　　This product is not a traditional "flight delay insurance", but a comprehensive travel insurance that includes flight delays. This guarantee covers products for one day. If the travel flight is delayed for 5 hours, 300 yuan will be compensated and 600 yuan will be capped. It also includes 10,000 yuan of medical expenses, 100,000 yuan of emergency medical transportation and return, and 100,000 yuan of products that died and were disabled in traffic accidents. The sales price is 15 yuan.

　　Zhongan sells airline extension insurance "annual card"

　　Zhongan introduced an "airport delay insurance" purchased in the WeChat applet. The price is 9.9 yuan, and 10 yuan is compensated without delay for 30 minutes. The maximum coverage is 6 hours, and the maximum coverage is 120 yuan.

　　In addition to the traditional aircraft delay insurance products whose sales price is 29.9 yuan and need to be activated one day in advance, Zhongan has sold 12 flight support products a year, with a guarantee of 299 yuan. For example, An Wei Signal said that if the rainstorm is delayed for more than 7 hours, the insured consumer can get a compensation of up to 998 yuan.

　　"Flight cancellation" compensation is not the same for each product.

　　Some passengers reported that the purchased flight was cancelled due to thunderstorm, and the "flight extension insurance" he wanted to buy was definitely compensated, and he was in a slightly better mood. However, when he opened the APP, he found that the claim scope of this product did not include the responsibility of "flight cancellation", which means that flight cancellation can neither be surrendered nor compensated.

　　When buying flight delay insurance, you need to pay special attention to see if "flight cancellation" is within the scope of claims, even if it belongs to an insurance company’s products. For example, Zhongan Insurance’s "Airport Delay Insurance" clearly indicates that only the delay within 6 hours will be paid, and the cancellation, alternate flight and return flight will not be paid.

　　Industry: It is not easy for insurance companies to "bonus hunter"

　　Some actuaries said that when the "flight extension insurance" was first introduced, insurance companies might lose money because of the unclear algorithm of data supplementary flight and compensation, the lack of uniform standards and the non-uniform market rates. Due to the uncertainty of flight delay probability affected by various factors, actuaries of insurance companies will introduce "packaged sales" and "annual cards" to increase premium income and hedge risks in order to ensure the interests of insurance companies.

　　Jiang Li, deputy general manager of Huixuan Insurance Network, who has participated in the research and development of several travel insurance and personal accident insurance products in China, also believes that the next stage of the development of aviation extension insurance is to package aviation extension insurance into comprehensive products such as aviation accident insurance or travel insurance. With the frequent occurrence of unexpected scenes during travel, users will pay more attention to the multiple protection insurance for personal and property during travel.

　　Expert connection

　　Cattle specialize in studying which route will be delayed.

　　Jiang Li, deputy general manager of Huize Insurance Network, said in an interview with Beiqing Daily that the enthusiasm of insurance companies in China for purely aviation delay insurance is declining.

　　On the one hand, the flight delay in China is very serious every summer. Due to the particularity of China’s airspace, if bad weather or airspace control occurs in any hub airport such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, it will lead to a large-scale national flight delay, and the probability of delay is really difficult to calculate.

　　On the other hand, all operators of flight extension insurance are property insurance companies, and the actuarial level is not as high as that of life insurance companies. At that time, some insurance companies thought that this product didn’t need in-depth sales, but it could also attract customers, and immediately had sales and claims data, and they sold it at no cost. However, some problems occurred later. For example, there was a scalper group at an airport in a city in southwest China, which specialized in studying which route would be delayed and lobbied passengers to buy 10-20 yuan extension insurance. At that time, the pure extension insurance might immediately be compensated by 100 yuan-200 yuan. This "adverse selection" way of buying insurance only made the insurance company lose money. In the United States, Europe and other countries, there are few simple sales of flight delay insurance, which are all combined with accident insurance and property insurance.

　　Text/reporter Yan Lishuang

The existing parking lot can’t be used, and the car has no place to park, which really makes people anxious to get angry. However, in Baolong International Community in Licang District, some residents are worried about a new parking lot. In front of the street shops near Jiushui Road, a closed parking lot is being built these two days. Merchants have said that once this parking lot is built, how can we do business in the future?

Mr. Fei is the owner of the shop at No.217-1 Jiushui Road. At noon on December 1, a group of people suddenly came in front of his door and began to install parking poles and toll booths. Mr. Fei quickly found other merchants to stop it, but failed.

Mr. Fei said that because there were too many people on the other side, merchants were afraid of conflicts and did not dare to stop them. However, as soon as these two parking poles were built, 40 merchants from No.217 to No.223 Jiushui Road really couldn’t sit still. A merchant told the reporter that the person who came to build the parking lot was Qingdao Shuntongda Property Service Co., Ltd. Before the construction, the company also obtained the parking lot construction qualification and issued a notice. However, merchants found that the open space in front of their own doors was not within the parking lot specification.

At the scene, the reporter saw the bulletin board placed by Shuntongda Property Service Co., Ltd. The bulletin board announced the company’s business license and business parking registration certificate. The registration certificate indicates that the parking lot is located at No.225 Jiushui Road and No.689 Qingshan Road in Licang District. However, Shuntongda Company included the area between No.217 and No.223 Jiushui Road in the parking lot.

An informed merchant told reporters that the area in front of their door was not planned as a parking lot because there was a blind road in front of the door. It is also for this reason that Fushan Road Sub-district Office has ordered Shuntongda Company to stop construction in September this year. But now, the company is making a comeback. The reporter then went to Shuntongda parking lot management office, but the door was locked here. However, when the reporter left, he accidentally met the manager Qu, the person in charge of Shuntongda parking lot.

The Qu manager said that No.225 Jiushui Road on the business registration certificate includes the area in front of No.217 to No.223, but did not explain the reason.

The reporter at the scene saw that there is indeed a clear blind road in the area before No.217 to No.223 Jiushui Road, and a large part of it is currently occupied by parked vehicles. And beside it, I didn’t find the sidewalk that Manager Qu said. For these, the music manager was unwilling to explain, and then left the scene.

Judging from the registered area on the surface, the business scope of Shuntongda Parking Lot does not include the area between No.217 and No.223 Jiushui Road. Moreover, there is indeed a blind road and sidewalk in this area. If it is changed into a closed parking lot, it will be very inconvenient for pedestrians to pass through this area. And Fushan Road Street has also issued a notice to stop construction. However, Shuntongda Company said that this area belongs to their construction scope. Which side is telling the truth? Tomorrow, "Today" will get in touch with Fushan Road Street and the parking lot management office of Qingdao Public Security Bureau to find out the real situation of this matter.

CCTV News:The increase of rainfall in summer is easy to cause natural disasters. Nowadays, with the progress of science and technology, more and more monitoring equipment helps people to perceive disasters in advance, and can quickly respond to grab more time to avoid danger through early warning. Today’s "Driving Force of Science and Technology" reveals how to use the power of science and technology to early warn the occurrence of geological disasters. Let’s look at a news scene first.

Not long ago, affected by continuous rainfall, the automatic monitoring equipment for geological disasters installed in Mudong Village, Jingde Town, Debao County, Guangxi triggered an early warning, and the geological monitors in Mudong Village immediately reported the situation to the County Natural Resources Bureau. According to the urgent judgment of technicians, there is a great possibility of debris flow at this hidden danger point, and it is immediately suggested that Jingde Town Government organize the evacuation of 41 people from 15 threatened households.

Liang Rongchang, a geological monitor of Tangdongtun, Mudong Village, Debao County, Baise City, Guangxi Province, recalled: "After the evacuation, it took about 10 to 20 minutes, and the mudslides came out, and the roads in the tundra were covered."

Wang Zhi, secretary of the party branch of Naliaotun, Mudong Village, Debao County, Baise City, Guangxi Province, said: "Fortunately, there was an early warning to evacuate quickly that day, so no casualties were caused."

The mudslide caused damage to nine houses. From 19: 10 on the same day to 19: 30, the mudslide occurred. Due to the timely warning, it won valuable 20 minutes for the evacuation of the people and avoided the possible casualties of 18 people in 9 households.

Combining technology with civil air defense to avoid casualties caused by geological disasters

In addition to debris flow, landslide is also a common geological disaster. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Natural Resources, among all kinds of geological disasters, landslide disasters caused by rainfall account for about 70%. The time window from receiving early warning to disaster occurrence is usually very short. How to effectively evacuate the people in the hidden danger area in a short time and avoid casualties to the maximum extent? Let’s look at a case that happened in Yunnan not long ago.

One morning not long ago, Zhao Hai, a geological monitor in Nongbing Village, Xishan Township, mangshi, Yunnan Province, received a disaster warning of a hidden danger point in the village. He immediately investigated the hidden dangers in the village and found that there was a great possibility of disasters.

The monitor knocked on the door while knocking on the gong, and the person who received the notice quickly informed the next household to move the person to a safe place. At about 6: 20 in the morning, all the villagers evacuated safely. Twenty minutes later, the landslide happened.　

The danger is imminent. How can people who are still asleep be evacuated quickly? At this time, mangshi’s "ten-household" grid mechanism played a key role. Before the flood came, Nongbing Village organized the masses to move to avoid danger in groups of ten households according to the principle of "living adjacent to each other and easy to concentrate", and the village also conducted emergency evacuation drills in advance.

Cun Daihua, secretary of the Party Committee of Xishan Township, mangshi, Dehong Prefecture, said: "We mainly put ‘ Ten households ’ Blend in After notifying one household, everyone else will be responsible for notifying the next household, which greatly shortens the time. "

Because of proper measures, all 34 people from 17 households in the village were successfully transferred, avoiding casualties. The monitoring and early warning equipment in Nongbing Village consists of multiple instruments, and the early warning horn and mud level meter installed in the debris flow ditch form a small automatic early warning unit.

Zhao Hai, a geological monitor, said: "The four sets of equipment installed in our stockade have brought us the benefits of accurate forecasting, so that ordinary people can quickly evacuate to a safe place."

Mud level meter detects the change of river bed height and transmits data.

Affected by global climate change, in recent two years, severe weather has occurred frequently, and the prevention of geological disasters is facing greater challenges. In extreme weather, how various monitoring and early warning technologies respond quickly and grab more hedging time has attracted much attention. The mud level meter mentioned in the news just now can detect the change of river bed height and achieve the purpose of early warning, and this equipment has also been put into use in Guangxi.　

In recent years, the natural resources department of Guangxi has specially installed automatic monitoring and early warning equipment in some hidden danger points of geological disasters with serious danger. On a hillside in Mudong Village, Debao County, Baise City, an early warning equipment mud level meter is installed, which can predict the possibility of debris flow disaster in advance. The mud level meter is also connected to the emergency warning horn below the hillside to inform the villagers to evacuate in time.

Nong Youyu, director of Baise Sub-station of the Geological Environment Monitoring Station of the Department of Natural Resources, said: "The mud level meter is a set of equipment specially developed for the geological disaster of debris flow. Its main principle is to monitor whether there is siltation and accumulation in the debris flow ditch, as well as to detect the change of riverbed height. After monitoring that the rainfall is relatively large and there are some signs of deformation, the monitoring equipment on the mountain will transmit the data to us. "

An Junzhu, an engineer of the Geological Environment Monitoring Station of the Department of Natural Resources, said: "This is a geological disaster monitoring and early warning system in Guangxi. It mainly manages all 3,470 monitoring stations, and more than 22,000 monitoring equipment are all included in the system management. After the monitoring equipment in the field collects the data, it uploads it to the background server. Once this data changes beyond the preset warning threshold, the platform will generate early warning information to remind the people to evacuate urgently. "

The reporter asked: "How long does it take from discovery to system response to early warning broadcast?"

An Junzhu replied: "Generally, it is 20-mdash; 30 seconds. "

At present, China is promoting the scale and industrialization of monitoring instruments and equipment. In recent years, the automatic monitoring equipment developed has higher integration and reliability.

Zhangming, director of the Geological Disaster Technology and Method Office of China Geological Environment Monitoring Institute, said: "All the instruments we have developed at present are constantly iteratively upgraded, and the cost of comprehensive monitoring of geological hazards has dropped to about 100,000 yuan."

At present, the Ministry of Natural Resources has deployed 280,000 sets of automatic monitoring equipment nationwide, covering 59,000 geological hazards. Through scientific early warning, 68 disasters have been successfully predicted this year, avoiding 216 possible casualties.

Active prevention and control of hidden dangers of major disasters by integrating "space and heaven"

In addition to achieving the purpose of early warning through automatic early warning and monitoring equipment, in recent years, through satellite, unmanned aerial vehicle and ground investigation, China has built an integrated remote sensing monitoring technology system for hidden points of geological disasters, realizing the active prevention and control of major disasters.

Since 2020, China has completed the identification of hidden dangers in 713 counties with 4.07 million square kilometers in high-risk and prone areas of geological disasters through advanced observation methods such as radar satellites, optical satellites and aerial remote sensing, lidar and drone remote sensing.

Ge Daqing, director of the Institute of Remote Sensing Technology of China Natural Resources Aviation Geophysical Prospecting and Remote Sensing Center, said: "There are 35,890 suspected hidden dangers, and 15,000 of them have been verified on the spot. The correct rate of feedback is about 50%, and more than 4,200 of them are new and unknown in the past."

The application of satellite and aerial remote sensing is aimed at key targets.

Ge Daqing introduced: "The main focus is on some mountain and canyon areas, the threat of inaccessible people and complex ground investigation conditions, and these major hidden dangers of major facilities in villages and market towns."

Due to the complex geological structure and prone to geological disasters, there are 21,896 hidden dangers of geological disasters in Gansu Province, ranking third in the country. In Gansu Institute of Geological Environment Monitoring, technicians use radar satellites running in low-earth orbit all the time to monitor more than 20,000 hidden danger points of geological disasters in the province 24 hours a day.

Shi Pengqing, director of the Information Center of Gansu Geological Environment Monitoring Institute, said: "We first obtained the surface deformation information by using radar satellites. Like this area, we can see that it has obvious deformation areas, with purple representing obvious deformation and yellow representing slight deformation."

Radar satellites can detect deformation, while high-resolution optical satellites can determine the range of hidden dangers. The 2-meter resolution satellite of "Gaofen-1" can judge the outline of large and extra-large landslides, and the range of landslides can be determined by combining the deformation information. Gansu has also achieved full coverage of 0.8-meter resolution optical images of key cities, and its ability to identify hidden dangers has been further strengthened.

The suspected hidden danger points seen on the satellite need further confirmation on the ground. In the past, geologists had to wade across mountains and rivers, measure landslides bit by bit and monitor hidden dangers on the spot. But now, a drone can take off and land several times to complete the work of the past few days.

He Peng, a senior engineer of China Natural Resources Aviation Geophysical Prospecting and Remote Sensing Center, said: "We have done a lot of work in the early stage by means of remote sensing to avoid our personnel running around the mountains and reduce the workload, so that local experts can focus more on their goals and better realize the concept of people first and life first."

　　Zhongxin Jingwei Client September 8 (Zhao Jiaran) Recently, many consumers have found that many brands of shared charging treasures have seen price increases, and even some stores have risen to 8 yuan/hour, which surprised users.

　　In addition to sharing charging treasures, bike-sharing brands such as mobike and Little Blue Car have also increased their prices, which is quite different from the situation that they once offered various concessions and seized the market. Is the overall price increase of the sharing economy accidental or inevitable? If consumers don’t buy it, will the price increase become a wrong move?

　

　New Jingwei in the shared charging treasure Zhao Jiaran photo

　　"Borrowing a few charging treasures is more expensive than buying one."

　　I don’t know when it started, but the price of the shared charging treasure of "1 yuan 1 hour" has quietly increased.

　　According to consumers, the prices of some cabinets of Shundian and Monster Charging brands have risen to 2.5 yuan /30 minutes, that is, 5 yuan per hour. CCTV Finance reported that some merchants said that the current maximum charging standard for shared charging treasure has reached 8 yuan per hour, mainly concentrated in areas with large traffic and good location such as scenic spots and ports; And the cabinets priced at 1 yuan per hour are few.

　　Screenshot Source: Weibo

　　Some consumers said it was difficult to accept the situation that the price of the shared charging treasure was greatly raised. "If the price generally rises to 5 yuan or even 8 yuan, it may cost tens of yuan to borrow it once, and it is more expensive to borrow it several times than to buy a charging treasure, which is not worth the candle." Ms. Chang, a consumer, said that she recently bought a portable charging treasure to carry with her and tried not to use the shared charging treasure.

　　Recently, the Zhongxin Jingwei client visited a number of shared charging treasure stores located in Wangfujing business district in Beijing, including street power, small power, incoming calls, monster charging and other brands. It is understood that the hourly price of most shared charging treasures is around 2-3 yuan. In addition, the use price is not marked on the shared charging treasure cabinet, and consumers can only know the charging standard of the current cabinet after scanning the code. During the dinner time when the passenger flow is relatively large, many shared charging treasure cabinets are unattended.

　　In an interview with Zhongxin Jingwei client, the related staff of Caller Technology said that the price of shared charging treasure is affected by comprehensive factors and is generally measured according to the difficulty of operation and maintenance and the cost.

　　Talking about the price increase of some stores, the staff said that the shared charging treasure is not a one-size-fits-all full-scene price increase, and there is no clear price increase round, but overall, the industry charging standard is indeed slightly higher than before. Price increases are often caused by a combination of many reasons, such as merchants asking for higher pricing to obtain higher share income, and more importantly, the continuous increase in channel operating costs.

　　"The rental fee for the shared charging treasure is still a small payment, but the mobile phone is in urgent need of power, so it is basically acceptable for users to adjust the price within a reasonable range." The above staff said.

　　Street power related staff told Zhongxin Jingwei client that at present, the hourly price of street power sharing charging treasure is mostly within 2 yuan. "At the beginning of this year, the shared charging treasure enterprise has been adjusted from 1 yuan to 2 yuan’s price system. As far as street power is concerned, the price is balanced and stable according to market conditions, and there will be no sharp increase or decline in prices in a short period of time in the future. "

　　The sharing economy era of "1 yuan 1 hour" has become a thing of the past.

　　In addition to sharing charging treasures, bike-sharing, which is in the streets, has also experienced a wave of price increases.

　　Since the first half of this year, brands such as mobike, Little Blue Car and Harrow have adjusted their charging standards in some areas. Taking Beijing as an example, the starting price of a small blue bicycle rose from 1 yuan /30 minutes to 1 yuan /15 minutes, and 0.5 yuan /15 minutes after exceeding the time limit. The starting price in mobike is adjusted to 1 yuan/15min, and the duration fee is adjusted to 0.5 yuan/15min. Hellobike’s new charging rule is also 1 yuan /15 minutes. Some netizens have calculated that riding an hour will cost 4 yuan the most, which is more than taking a bus.

　　At the same time, some consumers reported that the damage probability of bike-sharing in some areas increased instead of decreasing. Miss Li, a citizen of Beijing, said that she often encountered broken cars or bicycles with incomplete functions when commuting recently, and she was more concerned about the quality guarantee of vehicles than the price. "Now finding a car that is trouble-free and easy to ride is like finding a treasure. Sometimes you can’t ride several cars in a row, which is too time consuming. If we can deal with bad cars in time and ensure the quality, it is acceptable to increase a few dollars. "

　　In the poll "bike-sharing is more expensive than a bus, can you ride it?" sponsored by official website Weibo of Zhongxin Jingwei, netizens who chose "No" accounted for the highest proportion, accounting for 36.6%, followed by "It depends", accounting for 32.2%.

　Bike-sharing Zhongxin Jingwei Zhao Jiaran photo

　　Consumers have shown different attitudes towards the sharing of charging treasures, the price increase in bike-sharing and the status quo that the "one hour in 1 yuan" era is gone forever. In the discussion on social media, some netizens believe that enterprises need income to operate for a long time, and the price increase is understandable; Some netizens also pointed out that such shared products are not just needed, and will be replaced when the price/performance ratio is too low.

　　Jinyi should strive to be your light: I thought it was convenient and cheap before, so I didn’t worry about running out of electricity without charging treasure. Now that prices are soaring, I’d rather buy a small charging treasure. Now there are many styles of charging treasures and the price is not high.

　　Snow white: I used to rely on sharing, but now the price increase is too fierce and I can’t afford it.

　　The first impression: the price increase visible to the naked eye, many times because there is no place to return the charging treasure in the popular location, in order to find it for a long time, it costs money.

　　Fat pigeon paper Xiansen: Sharing provides speed, convenience and cheapness. Isn’t that enough? You still have to enjoy free to be happy?

　　Lv Jun byr: People are not profitable. Where can I get the money to continue to provide services for you?

　　Is the next step of price increase profitable or "cool"?

　　According to the "China Sharing Economy Development Annual Report (2019)" released by the National Information Center, the transaction scale of China’s sharing economy in 2018 was 2,942 billion yuan, an increase of 41.6% over the previous year; The number of participants in the sharing economy is about 760 million, and the number of participants in providing services is about 75 million, an increase of 7.1% year-on-year. At the same time, the scale of direct financing in the sharing economy in 2018 was about 149 billion yuan, down 23.2% year-on-year. The report pointed out that after the rapid development in previous years, the development speed of the sharing economy in the field of life services has slowed down.

　　Some insiders believe that the sharing economy is cultivating users’ consumption habits, and the price increase at this time reflects that the sharing economy is coming out of the primary stage of "price war". As for whether consumers accept the price increase, it depends on whether the service of the sharing enterprise can meet the needs of consumers. If we only keep an eye on the price increase without improving the standard of service, it may be "cool" instead.

　　Li Xiaohua, a researcher at the Institute of Industrial Economics of China Academy of Social Sciences, said in an interview with Zhongxin Jingwei that the sharing economy has entered a relatively rational and mature stage, and the industry pattern tends to be stable.

　　Regarding the current price increase trend of shared charging treasure and bike-sharing enterprises, Li Xiaohua pointed out that the price increase is an inevitable process. "At present, the price increase of merchants may also be testing the acceptance of consumers and establishing their own adjustment mechanism. If the number of users drops sharply, the merchant may adjust the price again. If the price is set too high, or a new enterprise enters the market, compete at a lower price. "

　　Li Xiaohua pointed out that the sharing economy will form a more dynamic and differentiated pricing trend in the future. "Just as the price of online car will be adjusted in real time during peak hours and holidays, bike-sharing and shared charging treasure can also determine the specific price according to the relationship between supply and demand. For example, during major festivals, the number of customers in shopping malls and restaurants has increased sharply, and the number of people using charging treasures has increased, so the real-time price of shared charging treasures can be raised accordingly; On the contrary, prices can also drop during periods of less demand such as working days. " (Zhongxin Jingwei APP)

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, January 1st　Special feature: 2022, Analysis of the "change" of the global market trend

　　Xinhua news agency reporter

　　Looking back on 2021, the world economy gradually recovered from the impact of the new epidemic. Under the background that developed economies generally maintained loose monetary policies and many countries continuously introduced economic stimulus plans, the market liquidity was abundant, investors’ risk appetite was enhanced, and the prices of major assets in the international market mostly rose but fluctuated obviously.

　　Looking forward to 2022, the epidemic situation in COVID-19 may still fluctuate repeatedly, and the prospect of world economic recovery is facing great uncertainty. The epidemic situation, inflation trend, fiscal and monetary policy trend and geopolitical situation are the key variables affecting the asset prices in the international market. With the increase of market variables, the risk increases. How to arrange assets to preserve and increase their value and test the wisdom of investors.

　　Will the dollar rise again?

　　In 2021, the expected warming of the US Federal Reserve’s tightening monetary policy, the rapid recovery of the US economy, and the repeated innovations in the stock market all worked together to push the US dollar exchange rate upward. On December 31st, the US dollar index, which measures the US dollar against six major currencies, closed at 95.5916 points, up 6.2% compared with the end of 2020.

　　At present, the "hawkish" stance of the Federal Reserve has become clearer, and the uncertainty faced by global economic growth has increased under repeated epidemics. Market research institutions believe that there is still room for the US dollar exchange rate to rise in 2022 under the resonance of many factors such as the weakening of the world economic recovery and the differentiation of monetary policies in major developed economies.

　　On December 7, 2021, people were shopping in a supermarket in new york, USA. (Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Yingshe)

　　Wells Fargo Securities Co., Ltd. issued a report saying that in view of the fact that the pace of tightening monetary policy in the United States is expected to be faster than that in most other developed economies, the agency has raised its expectation of dollar appreciation in 2022 and 2023. The Global Research Department of Bank of America predicts that the US benchmark interest rate will reach 2.5% by the beginning of 2024, while the interest rates of low-risk currencies such as euro, Japanese yen and Swiss franc are still difficult to normalize, which will support the strengthening of the US dollar.

　　Georgieva, managing director of the International Monetary Fund, said recently that the IMF is considering lowering its forecast for world economic growth in 2022 due to the global spread of the mutant Omicron strain in Covid-19. Analysts believe that the slowdown in world economic growth will reduce investment opportunities, weaken market risk appetite, and highlight the safe-haven currency attribute of the US dollar.

　　Experts pointed out that the further appreciation of the US dollar has a negative impact on global asset prices and the global economy, especially the recovery of emerging market economies.

　　Can the price of gold heat up

　　In 2021, under the background of repeated global epidemics and loose monetary policy, gold as an investment haven was not as popular as expected. On December 31st, the main contract of the New York Mercantile Exchange gold futures closed at $1,828.6 per ounce, down about 3.5% from the end of 2020.

　　For the future trend of gold prices, there are obvious differences in market views. Factors such as global monetary policy, inflation level, recovery trajectory and epidemic development will determine the trend of gold price, but these restrictive factors affect each other and have large variables, which may aggravate the fluctuation of gold price.

　　ANZ predicts that with the withdrawal of major economies from monetary easing and economic stimulus plans, the price of gold will lose some support in 2022, and the trend will be strong first and then weak, with an annual average price of around $1,725 per ounce.

　　On September 1, 2021, at Chow Tai Fook Store in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong, the clerk introduced the "Inheritance" series of gold ornaments to the guests. (Photo by Xinhua News Agency reporter Wu Xiaochu)

　　Ivy Hambro, an executive of BlackRock, an asset management giant, believes that inflation will run through 2022. If the trend exceeds expectations, the real interest rate after the interest rate hike will not increase significantly, and may even decrease, thus further highlighting the investment value of gold.

　　The World Gold Council predicts that the gold market will remain volatile in 2022 due to the combined effects of global monetary policy and inflation trend, and periodic fluctuations may occur frequently.

　　Which stock market is better?

　　Thanks to the recovery of the world economy, the improvement of corporate profits and abundant liquidity, most of the major global stock markets rose in 2021.

　　With the support of loose monetary policy and unprecedented fiscal stimulus measures, European and American stock markets performed relatively strongly in 2021, among which the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, Dow Jones Industrial Average and Nasdaq Composite Index in new york rose by 26.89%, 18.73% and 21.39% respectively. The Financial Times average price index of 100 stocks in London stock market rose by 14.3% for the whole year. The Nikkei stock index rose 4.9% for the whole year.

　　Under the influence of the Fed’s expectation of tightening monetary policy, some emerging market economies are facing the pressure of capital outflow, and the stock market is dragged down. In 2021, the bovis Pa Index in Sao Paulo, Brazil, fell by 11.93%, ending the upward trend for six consecutive years since 2015.

　　How will the global stock market evolve in 2022? Analysts believe that countries have different recovery paths, different policy spaces and different stock market trends. Tightening monetary environment and repeated epidemics are the main risks faced by global stock markets. Geopolitical factors such as mid-term elections in the US Congress and general elections in Brazil will also have an impact on the stock market trend.

　　Larry benedikt, the founder of the market research organization Speculator Company, predicts that the major stock indexes of the US stock market may decline to varying degrees in 2022.

　　On May 12th, 2021, a trader worked in new york Stock Exchange. (Xinhua News Agency, courtesy of NYSE)

　　The German Business Daily believes that the share prices of German listed companies were undervalued in 2021, and it is estimated that the DAX index of Frankfurt stock market will rise by about 12% in 2022. Ulrich Cartel, chief economist of Deka Bank, Germany, believes that if the epidemic control measures in Germany continue until the spring of 2022, it will have a great impact on the economy and the stock market may be drastically revised.

　　Ueno Gangzhi, a researcher at the Institute of Japanese Basic Studies, predicts that with the gradual recovery of Japan’s economy and the improvement of corporate performance, the Tokyo stock market will continue to rise in 2022, and the Nikkei stock index is expected to rise above 30,000 points by the end of the year.

　　Joelson Sampaio, an economist with the Vargas Foundation in Brazil, said that the Fed’s interest rate hike will make funds withdraw from emerging market countries, and the Brazilian stock market may fluctuate greatly in 2022 due to factors such as the Brazilian presidential election.

　　How high can oil prices go up?

　　Against the background of shortage caused by supply constraints and strong demand, the international crude oil price fluctuated upward in 2021. On December 31, the main contracts of the New York Mercantile Exchange light crude oil futures and London Brent crude oil futures closed at 75.21 and 77.78 US dollars respectively, rising by about 55% and 50% respectively.

　　Looking forward to 2022, although the market is bullish, the oil price trend still faces high uncertainty.

　　The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) recently released a report, maintaining the expectation that the world’s average daily oil demand will increase by 4.2 million barrels in 2022, and holding that Omicron’s influence on oil demand will be moderate and short-lived.

　　On November 17, 2021, people lined up at a gas station in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. (Xinhua News Agency, photo by Zou Wei)

　　Goldman Sachs Group predicts that with the rising demand in aviation, transportation and infrastructure, oil demand will reach a new high in 2022 and 2023. Damien Courvalin, head of energy research at Goldman Sachs, believes that Omicron has limited impact on the economy, and the Brent crude oil futures price will remain at around $85 per barrel in 2022 and 2023. If the supply cannot keep up with the demand growth, the oil price may exceed $100 per barrel.

　　The US Energy Information Administration predicts that the supply growth of major oil-producing countries will exceed the global oil consumption growth in 2022, and the annual average price of Brent crude oil futures will be around $70 per barrel due to the new mutation Covid-19 disturbing the market. (Note holder: Ouyang Wei; Participating reporters: Xu Chao, Du Jing, Fan Yu, Liu Yanan, Pan Lijun, Liu Chunyan, Shen Zhonghao, Luo Jing, Yang Hairuo, Yan Jing, Geng Pengyu, Kang Yi, Xu Jing)

　　[Report from the press conference of the State Council Office] 　

　　Guangming Daily, Beijing, July 22nd, by Guangming Daily reporter Yuan Yufei

　　On July 22nd, the State Council held a press conference on the traceability of Covid-19. Xu Nanping, Vice Minister of Science and Technology, Ceng Yixin, Deputy Director of the National Health and Wellness Commission, Wang Chen, Vice President of China Academy of Engineering, Dean of Peking Union Medical College and Director of the National Respiratory Medicine Center, Liang Wannian, Chinese leader of the China-World Health Organization joint research group on Covid-19 traceability, Yuan Zhiming, director of Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences and researcher of Wuhan Institute of Virology, and other authoritative experts actively responded to the hot issues of the traceability of the new coronavirus concerned by Chinese and foreign media.

　　On July 21, at a testing point in Xuanwu District, Nanjing, medical staff were conducting nucleic acid testing and sampling for the citizens. Xinhua News Agency reporter Ji Chunpeng photo

　　Q: Is the report on global traceability in Covid-19 released by the World Health Organization on March 30th authoritative?

　　Ceng Yixin:The problem of virus traceability is a complex scientific problem. Since the outbreak of the epidemic, every responsible country and every responsible scientist is eager to find out the source of Covid-19. This is of great significance to prevent similar epidemics from happening again.

　　On March 30th this year, the World Health Organization officially released the joint research report "Global Traceability Research in Covid-19: Part of China" convened by WHO, and the global traceability research made a good start.

　　Governments, scientists and the media all over the world are very concerned about this report. Since its release a few months ago, more and more scientific evidence shows that this report is valuable, authoritative and can stand the test of science and history. The conclusion of the report is scientific, and the process of production always adheres to scientific principles.

　　This traceability research report is the China part of the global traceability research. The expert group draws the following conclusions: Coronavirus, which is closely related to Covid-19, has the highest homology with Covid-19 in terms of sequence, but these viruses are still not enough to prove that they are the direct ancestors of Covid-19, and there is still a certain gap. Combined with the research results of clinical epidemiology, animal and environmental detection, the joint expert group finally determined several possibilities for the virus to appear: the first one is "possible to relatively possible", and zoonosis directly overflows, that is, it directly overflows from animal hosts to people. The second is "more likely to be very likely", which is introduced through an intermediate host. Generally speaking, the natural host of the virus is an animal, and then it transits to people through the intermediate host. The third is "possibility", which is introduced through the cold chain. In some sporadic epidemics in various places last year, it was found that cold chain transmission may introduce viruses. The last one is the introduction of "extremely unlikely" in the laboratory.

　　In the next stage, the traceability work should be carried out under the overall coordination of WHO, and on the basis of the first stage of research, excellent experts from many countries should be organized to carry out in-depth work, scientists should be the mainstay, exchanges and cooperation should be strengthened, and the traceability work in Covid-19 should be carried out on a scientific track.

　　Q: Is Covid-19 naturally produced or caused by human factors?

　　Ceng Yixin:I really want to talk about my views on the second phase of the virus traceability plan released by WHO on July 15th. To tell you the truth, I was very surprised. Because in this plan, the hypothesis that "China violated laboratory regulations and caused virus leakage" is one of the research focuses. From this point, I can feel the disrespect for common sense and arrogant attitude towards science revealed in this plan. It is impossible for us to accept such a traceability plan.

　　What is the purpose of traceability? It is to find out the source of the virus and then take effective measures to prevent similar epidemics from happening again. Therefore, we must promote this work in accordance with scientific principles and rules. This is the attitude of the China Municipal Government.

　　So far, none of the staff and graduate students of Wuhan Institute of Virology has been infected with COVID-19. Wuhan Institute of Virology has not carried out research on the gain function of coronavirus, and there is no so-called artificial virus. So where did the virus leak due to violation of laboratory regulations come from? Therefore, this formulation violates both common sense and scientific laws. More importantly, the WHO expert group personally visited Wuhan Virus Institute, and reached the conclusion that the virus is extremely unlikely to be leaked from the laboratory. They are all very authoritative and experienced experts in various fields carefully selected by WHO. So we should respect their conclusions.

　　Yuan Zhiming:The Wuhan Institute of Virology has repeatedly responded to the rumors about the leakage of virus laboratories. Covid-19 originated from nature, which has become a general consensus in academic circles. I want to emphasize that before December 30, 2019, Wuhan Institute of Virology had not contacted, preserved or studied Covid-19. Wuhan Virus Research Institute has never designed, manufactured or leaked Covid-19.

　　Facing the sudden outbreak of COVID-19, Wuhan Institute of Virology quickly identified novel coronavirus with the advantages of platform, technology and talents accumulated for a long time, isolated the virus strain, determined the whole genome sequence, and submitted the whole genome sequence to the United Nations World Health Organization on January 12, 2020. These important research results have provided a foundation for the global antiviral drug screening and vaccine research, and also won time for the global fight against the epidemic.

　　Q: Is the original data of early communication in Wuhan public?

　　Yuan Zhiming:The structure and content of the database of Wuhan Institute of Virology are still in the process of continuous improvement. At present, the database is shared within Wuhan Institute of Virology. After analyzing and systematically sorting out some original data in the database, the staff will publish the research results in the form of papers, and display and retrieve them in the database in a visual way. After analyzing and sorting out the original data of scientific research, it will be published in the form of papers, and then the database will be made public. This is the practice of scientific and technological circles, and the Institute of Virology will strictly follow the rules of scientific and technological circles to display and share our scientific data.

　　Wuhan Institute of Virology has always insisted on the timely sharing of scientific research information, and we released the whole genome sequence to the World Health Organization in time. As early as February 3, 2020, Shi Zhengli’s research team published a research paper in Nature, proposing that Covid-19 came from nature. After we found that several drugs have antiviral activity at the cellular level, we published the research results in international magazines on February 4. At the same time, Wuhan Virus Research Institute also actively participated in the international video and audio conference held by the World Health Organization, and timely shared our research results in animal model establishment, antiviral drug screening, inactivated vaccine development in COVID-19, etc.

　　Q: What do you think about the possibility of virus spread caused by trade in cold chain products?

　　Wang Chen:The role of cold chain in the spread of infectious diseases is a new phenomenon. From Beijing Xinfadi epidemic situation and Qingdao epidemic situation, we can see such a close relationship, that is, the patients have been exposed to the cold chain, and no other possible virus sources have been found outside the cold chain.

　　In the detection of virus nucleic acid, cold chain goods nucleic acid detection is positive. Especially in the Qingdao epidemic, not only the virus nucleic acid positive was detected on the surface of cold chain items, but also the virus was isolated and cultured, which confirmed that there was a live virus on the surface of cold chain items. Combining these two points, the chain of evidence is gradually complete.

　　In the process of further virus traceability, we especially suggest that the cold chain should be regarded as a key traceability clue. At present, under the background of international trade, people and goods exchange frequently all over the world, and people in the cold chain environment — The spread of things has increased the complexity, which is particularly worthy of investigation and research.

　　Guangming Daily (July 23, 2021, 09 edition)

　　Science and Technology Daily, Beijing, October 17 (Reporter Gu Gang) Many mammals spend the cold season by hibernating. The lower the body temperature of hibernating animals, the more energy consumption can be reduced. But this is not all good. A recent study by the Veterinary University in Vienna, Austria, found that lower temperature tends to increase telomere contraction, which may accelerate cell death. To avoid this result, animals need to consume a lot of energy to repair cells.

　　Researchers have found that during hibernation, mammals with lower body temperature can reduce their physical exertion by more than 90%. In the absence of food, reducing energy consumption is very beneficial to the survival of animals. However, animal hibernation at low temperature can cause problems such as telomere contraction. In the experiment of forest Dormouse and garden Dormouse, it was found that Dormouse wintering at higher body temperature has longer telomeres, but it also consumes more energy. Researcher Julia Novak explained: "This seems to be a compromise between maintaining complete telomeres and cell survival, and minimizing energy consumption by hibernating at low body temperature."

　　The researchers also found that there are significant differences in telomere shortening between forest Dormouse and garden Dormouse when they hibernate at different temperatures. They were put into hibernation at 3℃ and 14℃ respectively in the laboratory. Dormouse consumes more energy at 14℃ than at 3℃, while chromosome telomeres are much better at 14℃. This new understanding supports the widely accepted hypothesis that hibernation also has a price.

　　Novak believes: "Deep hibernation is related to the cost at the cellular level, that is to say, the recovery of telomere length after shortening must be at the expense of animal physical consumption. Previous scientific assumptions may overestimate the benefits of deep hibernation in animals that can reduce physical exertion. "

　　Although hibernation has many advantages, the research also found that it has related problems. Due to the decline of immune function, slow response and increased oxidative stress, frequent awakening of animals from hibernation will also lead to a rapid reduction of energy reserves, and the up-regulation of metabolism is related to the production of reactive oxygen compounds, which will lead to a faster shortening of telomeres.

　　The length of telomeres is usually used as a sign of aging, which shortens after each somatic cell division. If its length cannot be recovered, the cell will eventually die. During hibernation, telomere recovery is destroyed.

　　This study is also of great significance to human medicine. Studies have shown that chronic human stress will accelerate telomere shortening. On the contrary, lifestyle changes will slow down telomere shortening, which will have a positive impact on the aging process of cells and the whole organism.