A physical examination package with a group purchase price of 1056 yuan has the embarrassment of "finding the disease in the morning and recovering in the afternoon".

　　In November this year, Ms. Chen from Shanghai bought a health check-up package for middle-aged and elderly people with a price of 1056 yuan online, and made an appointment for a physical examination at the store by telephone according to the group purchase instructions. The contents of this physical examination include internal medicine, surgery, tumor markers, 11 items of liver function and 3 items of renal function.

　　"On the website, the cheapest medical examination package is only three or four hundred yuan, the expensive one is 1,500 yuan, and the middle-aged and elderly package of 1,056 yuan is above average." Ms. Chen is 32 years old. She told reporters that she has compared the packages of many well-known medical institutions such as ikang, Mei Nianda Health and Ruici Physical Examination. The price of 1,056 yuan does not belong to the ranks of "low-cost medical examination" in any medical examination center. "I specially chose expensive ones to make the institutions earn enough money, so I should never be cheated again."

　　However, later facts proved that she was wrong.

　　The physical examination report is inconsistent with the examination results of the top three hospitals.

　　During the physical examination, the "doctor" who did the neck B-ultrasound told Ms. Chen that her thyroid was "bad" and had serious inflammation. The B-ultrasound report showed that there was a serious "diffuse echo" in the thyroid gland. The "doctor" reminded Ms. Chen, "Go to Shou Feitai on the first floor and have a blood test of thyroid function. You don’t need to draw blood again, just pay."

　　During the surgical examination, the surgical "doctor" touched the thyroid gland of Ms. Chen’s neck and reminded her again, "You can already feel the nodule here, at least you have thyroiditis. Go to the first floor to pay for it and check the thyroid function."

　　This is not the first time that Ms. Chen has paid for the blood test of "thyroid function" in the United States. Last November, in the same health store, B-ultrasound showed that she had "thyroid nodules". To this end, she paid about 200 yuan’s thyroid function examination fee after the discount.

　　"Every time I say that there is a problem with the thyroid gland, check the function. If the blood is fine, it doesn’t matter." Two blood test reports of Ms. Chen showed that her thyroid function was normal.

　　This year, because of the "diffuse echo" accompanied by thyroid nodules, Ms. Chen went to the endocrinology department of a well-known 3A hospital in Shanghai for re-examination after the physical examination that morning. After introducing her physical examination to the doctor, the doctor gave a diagnosis of "thyroiditis" and asked her to do another B-ultrasound and thyroid function examination in the hospital.

　　This time, the doctor who did the B-ultrasound told her, "Are you thyroiditis? Congratulations, you have recovered. " Ms. Chen once again asked if her thyroid nodules were still there. The doctor of B-ultrasound told her with great certainty: "From the imaging point of view, your thyroid gland is all normal, without nodules and inflammation."

　　The blood test report is also the same result, and everything is normal. "I can’t believe that the surgical experts in the physical examination center in the morning can even find out that I have a big nodule; In the afternoon, the B-ultrasound of the regular hospital showed no nodules. " It is worth noting that when Ms. Chen told her family about her experience, her father, mother, father-in-law and mother-in-law all replied that they had also encountered the above situation. Four elderly people have never had thyroid diseases, and all the medical examination packages use the 1056-yuan beauty health package purchased online by Ms. Chen, and all of them pay for the thyroid function on the spot during the medical examination.

　　A few days ago, the reporter visited the Mei Nianda Health Check-up Center in Shanghai Pudong Changhang Hospital mentioned by Ms. Chen, and saw a long queue for paying fees on the first floor. All the people in the queue buy temporary physical examination items after purchasing the physical examination package, and six of the nine people pay for thyroid function examination.

　　A similar situation occurred in many medical institutions.

　　Coincidentally, the same problem happened to Ms. Lin and her colleagues in Luoyang, Henan Province, and the thyroid function test was the one that broke the problem.

　　"You have a big problem, diffuse thyroid disease." Ms. Lin still remembers the diagnosis given by the B-ultrasound "doctor" on the spot when she was examined at the Mei Nianda Health Physical Examination Center in Luoyang. The situation she encountered was almost exactly the same as that of Ms. Chen in Shanghai. The "doctor" reminded her, "You just took blood, so go and pay the money. You don’t need to take any more blood. Have a test."

　　"At the payment office, I met five or six colleagues who came to add money to do thyroid function (examination). It didn’t feel right." After consulting her brother who works in the county people’s hospital, Ms. Lin gave up the payment and went to the county hospital for re-examination the next day. The hospital B-ultrasound and blood test report showed that Ms. Lin’s thyroid gland was all normal.

　　According to "China Consumer News", in June this year, Ms. Shi, a citizen of Nanjing, found that "the right thyroid nodule is accompanied by calcification, and there is a hypoechoic nodule in the right thyroid lobe, the size is about 10mm×8mm". But later, when Ms. Shi was reexamined in jiangsu province hospital, the B-ultrasound showed that "bilateral thyroid glands were normal in shape, with clear boundaries, smooth surface and normal internal blood flow, and no obvious abnormal lymph images were found in bilateral necks".

　　In response to this problem, the medical examination institution in Nanjing replied that "the doctor was sick and paralyzed and returned to his hometown". In response to the error in the medical report, the person in charge said that "it may be caused by many factors such as doctor technology and medical equipment problems".

　　The reporter noted that the chaos in the medical examination market has already become the focus of public opinion. Previously, the "Analysis Report on the Development Prospects and Investment Forecast of Health Examination Industry" released by Forward-looking Industry Research Institute showed that the health examination industry in China grew to 94 billion yuan with a growth rate of more than 25% in 2015, which was more than twice the growth rate of 29.5 billion yuan in 2010. The compound growth rate of the industry in the five years from 2011 to 2015 reached 21%, which was higher than that of the entire medical service industry. It is estimated that the scale of the health examination market in China will reach in 2018.

　　Do medical institutions earn money by adding items?

　　"Some institutions rely on capital to promote physical examination business. It sells physical examination as a product, collects money by project, and gives commissions according to the total amount of fees." The relevant person in charge of the physical examination center of a public hospital in Shanghai told the reporter that taking the physical examination project of middle-aged and elderly people as an example, the products purchased by private institutions at a price around 1000 yuan may cost 1,200 yuan to 1,300 yuan in public hospitals. "It can’t lose money, so he wants you to add projects, and it is most appropriate to make efforts on the A-level and liver-level."

　　According to the person in charge, thyroid diseases mostly occur in women aged 30-50, and the incidence of liver diseases is higher in men, and both diseases have the characteristics of "B-ultrasound+blood test". "The package of medical institutions generally only contains B-ultrasound examination, and blood test items are purchased on site."

　　The reporter interviewed the relevant person in charge of the Health Marketing Department of Mei Nianda. The person in charge responded that the agency has a strict review system for the customer’s physical examination report, and customers can consult and answer questions by telephone or online according to the process. In response to the question of "adding thyroid function", the person in charge said, "From the perspective of disease screening, thyroid ultrasound and thyroid function are indeed more suitable for combined detection and cannot replace each other."

　　"Thyroid function should be a must-check item, and it is not necessary to have surgery or B-ultrasound abnormalities to do thyroid function (examination)." The person in charge said that the incidence of thyroid-related diseases is relatively high at present, so it is suggested that medical examination consumers list this as a "must-check item".

　　The reporter noted that in recent years, complaints and disputes against private medical institutions have continued. Some people took the medical examination institution to court because the medical examination failed to detect cancer, and some people claimed compensation from the medical examination institution through the Consumers Association because of the malicious addition of the medical examination. "Can’t find the problem, to complain; After finding out the problem, there is no problem after being examined by a regular hospital, and you have to complain. " The person in charge of the medical examination department of the above-mentioned public hospital told the reporter. With the improvement of people’s living standards, physical examination has become an important means of health management for many people to "check out their own pockets" every year. However, physical examination is not a formal treatment after all, and it can only play a role of prompting and reminding. "There will definitely be inaccurate situations, and eventually we will go to a regular hospital for review and follow-up."

　　The 2017 annual report released by Mei Nianda Health in the middle of this year shows that physical examination service is the main business of Mei Nianda Health. In 2017, this business achieved an operating income of 6.142 billion yuan, accounting for 98.54% of the total revenue and a gross profit margin of 46.61%.

　　China Youth Daily Zhongqing Online Reporter Wang Yejie

　　CCTV News:(Reporter Zhang Qi) Dongchuan is a famous "Tiannan Copper Capital" in history. After thousands of years of exploitation and logging, the mountains in Dongchuan have basically become bare. When it comes to Dongchuan 20 years ago, people often associate it with barren land covered in mines, weeds everywhere, and mudslides that cross the river wantonly. "Walking on the top of the mountain with dragons and blowing horns at every ditch" was the truest portrayal of Dongchuan at that time.

Photo courtesy of Dongchuan District Forestry and Grassland Bureau

　　"We want a blue sky and green mountains, and we want the earth to awaken and the Qingshui River", which has become the aspiration of all Dongchuan people and the dream of Dongchuan people.

　　However, it is an arduous task to make the barren hills in Dongchuan green. The area of barren hills in Dongchuan is 606,000 mu, and there are more than 100,000 mu of barren hills in Xiaojiang dry-hot valley with a total length of more than 80 kilometers. Due to drought, lack of rain, large evaporation, poor soil layer and poor water conservation ability, the survival rate of newly planted trees is low, and many barren slopes are "afforestation without forest" every year.

　　Dongchuan forestry workers repeatedly tried to use different methods and tree species for experimental planting, boldly diverted water up the mountain to water seedlings, and explored the soil and water conservation technology of fish scale pit at the bottom of funnel. In recent years, Dongchuan has taken 7,000 acres of barren hills in Daduo Village of Tangdan Town as a demonstration base for drought-resistant afforestation in dry-hot valleys, mainly popularizing these two technologies and planting new Leucaena leucocephala which is drought-resistant and easy to survive, with remarkable results.

　　In order to plant trees and fill the ecological shortcomings, Dongchuan also spent a lot of money. Twenty years ago, the investment in afforestation per mu was only in 8 yuan, but now, the investment in 800 yuan per mu has increased by 100 times. The local finance in Dongchuan District will allocate 10 million yuan for ecological restoration every year, and at least 30,000 mu will be planted every year, so that the forest coverage rate in Dongchuan will increase by at least 1 percentage point every year.

　　Through the arduous efforts of Dongchuan District, the ecological restoration has achieved remarkable results. From 2012 to 2018, a total of 246,000 mu of barren hills were afforested, with an average annual afforestation of 37,000 mu, 204,000 mu of returning farmland to forests and 245,000 mu of walnut base construction. By the end of 2018, there were 1,603,700 mu of forest land in the whole region, and the forest coverage rate increased to 33.7%. It is estimated that the forest coverage rate will reach 38% by the end of 2019.

Photo courtesy of Dongchuan District Forestry and Grassland Bureau

　　Today, the bare peaks in Dongchuan District are long gone, and the trees on both sides of the road are dense, clean and tall. The mountains are green, the sky is blue, the water is blue, and the green mountains and green hills have also brought real Jinshan Yinshan to the people. The ecological dividend is benefiting the local people, and the villagers’ days are getting more and more prosperous.

　　Walking into Xindianfang Village, Tuobuka Town, Dongchuan, the small saplings all over the mountains attract attention, and the economic crops such as navel orange, soft-seeded pomegranate and pepper grow gratifying, which is a vivid exploration and practice of developing the under-forest economic model in Dongchuan at present. Combine returning farmland to forests, economic planting under forests and large-scale cooperatives to achieve the greatest combination of ecological benefits, social benefits and economic benefits.

Photo courtesy of Dongchuan District Propaganda Department

　　Now Xindianfang Village has planted 400 mu of soft-seeded pomegranate and 500 mu of navel orange. The first batch of 200 acres of navel oranges have all borne fruit, and the estimated economic income is more than 300,000 yuan. Next year, the soft-seeded pomegranate will bear fruit officially, and the estimated economic income is more than 200,000 yuan. The two industries have become the pillar industries of Xindian Fangcun, which have brought protection to the economic benefits of farmers in the later period.

　　"Now this blue sky is full of green hills, with clear rivers and fish as companions, and forests all over the mountains and rivers. Birds are singing freely in the forest, and cattle and sheep have found the grass mountain. We sow hope and weave a green shirt for our hometown … …” The green dream of Dongchuan people has come true.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Wuhan, December 1st　Title: A tree, a grass, a steelyard — — In memory of Shen Yinluo, former chairman of Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference (I)

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Tan Yuanbin

　　On February 20th this year, Shen Yinluo, former chairman of Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference, died in Wuhan due to illness at the age of 96. From setting foot on the battlefield of anti-Japanese national salvation, to leading WISCO to create brilliance, and then to taking the leadership position in Hubei Province, I was unwilling to publicize my Shen Yinluo all my life, but after my death, it caused strong repercussions in Jingchu.

　　"He doesn’t care about his family, but only knows how to work." Shen Yinluo’s widow Cao Junmin said. In the living room of Shenyang, there are two bottles of earth under the portrait of Shen Yinluo, which were brought back by Shen Yinluo’s niece from Yan ‘an, Shaanxi and Wuxian, Jiangsu. One bottle is "holy earth" and the other is "native land".

　　Red gene, green heritage. Shen Yinluo struggled for the cause of the party and the people all his life, and was deeply cherished and commemorated by the broad masses of cadres and people, leaving a valuable spiritual wealth. Hubei Provincial Party Committee is carrying out learning activities from Shen Yinluo among cadres in party member.

　　He is like a tree, "insisting that the green hills will not relax."

　　In 1937, 17-year-old Shen Yinluo left his hometown and set foot on the battlefield of resisting Japan and saving the nation. He arrived in Yan ‘an in 1938 and joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the same year. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he participated in the "Hundred Regiments War"; During the War of Liberation, he participated in the "Central Plains Breakthrough".

　　After the founding of New China, Shen Yinluo successively held leadership positions in the 41st Army of the People’s Liberation Army and Wuhan Iron and Steel Company, and later held important leadership positions in Hubei Provincial Committee and Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference.

　　From March 1961 to October 1982, Shen Yinluo worked in WISCO for 21 years and 7 months, and served as deputy manager and manager, deputy director and director of the company’s revolutionary Committee, second secretary and manager of the company’s party Committee, and first secretary of the party Committee. When I first arrived in WISCO, it coincided with three years of natural disasters. The Soviet Union terminated aid construction and withdrew experts, and a large number of projects in WISCO stopped construction and production. Shen Yinluo was ordered by the crisis to bring the army’s good tradition and style into WISCO and lead WISCO on the right track.

　　Cao Junmin still remembers that during the Cultural Revolution, although Shen Yinluo was repeatedly hit, he never complained in front of his family. At that time, he put forward a slogan: "WISCO can’t be chaotic, the stove can’t be turned off, and production can’t stop."

　　It is Shen Yinluo’s greatest contribution to WISCO to implement the central government’s decision to deploy and introduce a 1.7-meter rolling mill. Previously, the quality of steel produced in China was not high, which was called "noodles" and "belts". High-end products such as strip steel, sheet steel and silicon steel are totally dependent on imports, which not only costs a lot of foreign exchange, but also is blocked by developed countries.

　　As the general representative of Chinese technical negotiation, Shen Yinluo spared no effort to overcome all difficulties and won the contract. Subsequently, as the main leader of the engineering headquarters, he led a hundred thousand construction troops to participate in the battle.

　　At the end of 1981, the 1.7-meter rolling mill project passed the national acceptance and was officially put into production. It has changed the structure of steel products in China and become a model for China to introduce and digest international advanced technology.

　　During his tenure as an important leader of the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference, Shen Yinluo was strict with himself and worked hard for the cause of the party and the people. After retiring, Shen Yinluo always cares about the development of Hubei, actively exerts the waste heat, and makes suggestions. The day before his death, his eyesight was severely impaired, and he asked his secretary to read him the new Central Document No.1.

　　It is the lofty ideals and beliefs of communist party people that support Shen Yinluo. "In Shen Lao, we have seen the political quality of a party member cadre with firm belief and infinite loyalty to the party." Liu Yanhong, deputy director of the Organization Department of Hubei Provincial Party Committee and director of the Bureau of Retired Veteran Cadres, said.

　　He is like a grass, rooted in the soil of the people.

　　"Come on, Yin Shi, I’ll give you some rice!" For more than 40 years, Chen Yinshi, an associate professor at the Party School of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company, still remembers this call. That year, as an ordinary young worker, he had a meeting with a group of WISCO personnel such as Shen Yinluo in Beijing. At lunch, everyone crowded around a big round table for dinner, with Chen Yinshi sitting in the corner and Shen Yinluo sitting opposite him. "I was just about to get up and add rice. Manager Shen stood up and naturally reached for the bowl."

　　Keeping close contact with the masses, Shen Yinluo persisted all his life. Wang Guolian, a retired cadre of WISCO, said that Shen Lao’s memory is very good. He can remember the names of great families after one or two contacts, and the workers are willing to tell him anything.

　　A bicycle, a yellow military satchel, a notebook and a pen, Shen Yinluo’s footprints are all over Shili Steel City and Baili Mine of WISCO. He ate, lived and worked with the workers for several months, jumping into slag pits, moving ore, eating cold meals, and working hard and dirty.

　　When he goes to factories and mines to check production, he always goes to the canteen to have a look, telling the logistics staff to arrange the food, saying, "There is steel in the food, and the workers can only concentrate on refining steel when they are full."

　　After retiring, he went deep into grassroots research, including running in the countryside for 102 days in 2002, reaching the junction of Hubei and Shaanxi as far as possible.

　　Putting the masses in a prominent position, Shen Yinluo is consistent. Last year, Shen Yinluo, as a veteran of the Anti-Japanese War, won the medal for the 70th anniversary of the victory of China people’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and a 5000-yuan solatium. He immediately entrusted the Bureau of Retired Veteran Cadres of Hubei Provincial Party Committee to transfer solatium to the needy people in the old revolutionary base areas. In the end, the solatium was divided into two parts, which were sent to Min Xinzhou and Zhao Zhiliang, martyrs of the Red Army in Hong ‘an County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province.

　　"He left before he met the benefactor!" Min Xinzhou said. Min Xinzhou fell from the sky last year, and his spine was injured, so he couldn’t work. His lover suffered from mental illness and couldn’t take care of himself. "Shen Lao’s financial assistance is to help us tide over the difficulties."

　　When the staff of the Bureau of Retired Veteran Cadres of Hubei Provincial Party Committee helped to sort out Shen Yinluo’s relics, they found 106 donation receipts in an envelope, many of which were donated in the name of Cao Junmin, with a total amount of more than 140,000 yuan, but the donations without receipts were unknown.

　　"Shen Lao always has the masses in his heart." Wang Shengtie, former chairman of the Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference, who was in charge of agricultural work in the province, said that seeing good experiences in newspapers and periodicals involved the interests of farmers. Mr. Shen wrote them in strokes and sent them to him by letter. "I have worked in the provincial government, provincial party Committee and provincial political consultative conference for 11 years, and I received a publication sent by Shen Lao at least once a month on average."

　　He is like a steelyard, and he has a good style of seeking truth and being pragmatic.

　　"On September 5, at 6: 40 in the morning, I visited the vegetable wholesale and retail markets and found that the price difference between wholesale and retail was 50% to 100%. The wholesale price of Chinese cabbage is 0.20 yuan/kg and the retail price is 0.40 yuan/kg; Chili pepper wholesale 0.80 yuan/kg, retail after classification 1.6 yuan/kg; The retail price of eggplant is 1.50 yuan/kg. Exotic vegetables come from Henan. " This is a note on people’s feelings written by Shen Yinluo in 1996, when he retired.

　　Touching the truth, telling the truth, making practical moves and seeking practical results, Shen Yinluo opposes formalism and emphasizes seeking truth and being pragmatic. Chen Ming, his last secretary, said that Shen Lao was most disgusted with cadres who spoke Mandarin but failed to take practical actions.

　　At the end of the 20th century, Hubei Province once took over the farm management right, which triggered a series of problems such as farmers’ petition, and the farm directors, local leaders and ordinary people were very anxious. At that time, Shen Yinluo, who was over 80 years old, conducted research on this and spent more than 120 days traveling to all provincial state-owned farms in the province.

　　After the investigation, he wrote a report to the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government. After in-depth study, the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government re-delegated the farm management right and mobilized the local enthusiasm.

　　"Shen Lao knows all about some major construction at the grassroots level, the planning in the province, the strategic layout of the country, and the resource characteristics of various cities and States. Even the places he visited decades ago are clear to him." Chen Ming said.

　　Shen Yinluo gave suggestions to the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government. If you are not sure, you will definitely consult relevant experts and cadres first to find out the situation. Every time he goes out for research, he takes notes carefully.

　　"He is such a person who is strict with himself with the standards of Communist party member everywhere." Cao Junmin said.

Source | Xinhua International

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Map of the spread of the Black Death

While human beings improve their own destiny, they also increase their weakness in the face of diseases. We should realize that the strength of human beings is limited, and we should bear in mind that the more we win, the more we push infectious diseases to the edge of human experience, and the more we clear the way for catastrophic infectious diseases. We can never escape the limitations of the ecosystem. Whether we are happy or not, we are all in the food chain, eating and being eaten.

-william mcneill

William Hardy McNeill

Ten worst plagues in human history.

Athens plague

(430 BC–427 BC)

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From 430 BC to 427 BC, there was a great plague in Athens, nearly half of the population died and the whole Athens was almost destroyed. Some experts believe that this epidemic is the plague. The plague in Athens was a devastating infectious disease, which attacked the whole city of ancient Greece and Rome.

The Greek historian Thucydides described the plague that destroyed Athens in this way. "People who are strong and healthy are suddenly attacked by a severe high fever, their eyes are red as if they are spraying flames, and their throats or tongues begin to be congested and emit unnatural stench. With vomiting and diarrhea, they are suffering from terrible thirst. At this time, the patients’ body pain and inflammation turn into ulcers, and they cannot sleep or endure the touch of the bed. Some patients wander naked in the street, looking for water to drink until they fall to the ground and die.

Even dogs died of this disease, crows and vultures that ate human bodies lying everywhere died, and those who survived either lost their fingers, toes and eyes or lost their memories. "

"Antony plague" in ancient Rome

(AD 164-180)

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The "Antony plague" in ancient Rome was caused by infection. According to historical records, the symptoms of this infectious disease are: severe diarrhea, vomiting, sore throat, ulceration, high fever and hot hands, gangrene or gangrene, unbearable thirst, and purulent skin.

Soldiers who fought in the Near East returned to the Roman Empire, bringing smallpox and measles to the people of Anthony. Infectious diseases killed two Roman emperors. The first one was Lucius Verus, who died of illness in 169, and the second one was his successor, Kyle Aurelius Antoninus, who was an emperor until 180 AD, but was also doomed by infection.

The plague broke out again nine years later. According to Dioka, a Roman historian, at that time, 2,000 people died of illness in Rome one day, equivalent to a quarter of the infected people. It is estimated that the total death toll is as high as 5 million. In some places, the plague killed one third of the total population, greatly weakening the Roman army.

The plague also had a great influence on the society and politics of the Roman Empire, especially on the field of literature and art. In the picture below, the remains in the pit are the bones of the victims of infectious diseases, which is shocking.

At that time, it was in the second year of the Peloponnesian War, just as the victory of Athens was within reach. It is said that plague was introduced into Athens from Piraeus, a port city of Athens and a major source of food and daily necessities. Sparta and some parts of the eastern Mediterranean were also attacked by diseases.

This plague was revived twice in the winter of 429 BC and 427 BC. Modern historians disagree that plague was the reason why Athens lost in the Peloponnesian War. However, it is generally believed that the defeat of the war paved the way for Macedonia’s victory, and finally, the Roman Empire was established. According to historical records, the plague broke out in various forms, including typhoid fever, smallpox, measles, and toxic shock syndrome.

Justinian plague

（541-542）

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Justinian plague refers to the first large-scale plague that broke out in the Mediterranean world from 541 to 542 AD. It caused extremely serious losses and deep damage to the Byzantine Empire. Its extremely high mortality rate caused the population of the Byzantine Empire to drop significantly, the labor force and troops to drop sharply, and the normal life order was seriously damaged. It also had far-reaching social negative consequences, and had a far-reaching impact on the historical development of the Byzantine Empire, the Mediterranean and Europe.

After the 4th century A.D., the once-prosperous Roman Empire gradually split into two parts: East and West. The emperors of the Byzantine Empire, which is far from the east, have always regarded themselves as the orthodox heirs of the Roman Empire, so they have been trying to recover lost ground, reunify the Roman Empire and reproduce the glory of the past. By the 6th century, Justinian, the emperor of Byzantine Empire, decided to take action to realize this dream. Thus, Justinian launched a conquest war against the western Mediterranean world in 533 AD. However, just as he swept across North Africa and conquered Italy, and was about to reappear the glory of the Roman Empire, an unprecedented plague came unexpectedly, which made the dream of rejuvenating the Eastern Roman Empire come to nothing. In 541 AD, the plague began to break out in Egypt, a territory of the Eastern Roman Empire, and then quickly spread to the capital Constantinople and other areas.

At that time, there were many strange and horrible scenes: when people were talking to each other, they couldn’t start shaking and then fell to the ground; When people are shopping, standing there talking or counting change, death will come unexpectedly. The poor people who slept on the street were the first to be infected with the plague. At the worst of the plague, 5,000 to 7,000 people died in one day, even tens of thousands of people died unfortunately.

In extreme fear, officials had to report to Justinian that the death toll soon exceeded 230,000, and there were no enough burial places. The bodies had to be piled up in the street, and the whole city smelled of corpses. Justinian himself was almost infected with the plague. In fear, he ordered the construction of many huge tombs that could bury tens of thousands of bodies, and recruited workers to dig holes to bury the dead with heavy money to stop the further spread of the plague. As a result, a large number of bodies, men and women, young and old, covered nearly 100 layers and were buried together. Plague killed 40% of the residents in Constantinople. It continued to ravage for half a century until a quarter of the Roman population died of plague. The famine and civil strife caused by the plague completely shattered Justinian’s ambition, and also weakened the Eastern Roman Empire to the point of collapse.

black death

（1347 – 1351）

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The Black Death is one of the deadliest plagues in human history. It is generally believed that it is caused by a bacterium called plague. But recently, some people think it is caused by other diseases. The origin of plague has caused widespread controversy among experts. Some historians believe that the Black Death began in China or Central Asia in the 1420s and 1930s. In the following years, it was carried by businessmen and soldiers to Crimea in southern Russia. In the 1440s, the epidemic spread from Crimea to Western Europe and North Africa. The Black Death caused 75 million deaths worldwide, including 25 million to 50 million deaths in Europe.

A symptom of the Black Death is that there are many black spots on the patient’s skin, so this special plague is called "Black Death". For those infected with the disease, painful death is almost inevitable, and there is no possibility of cure.

The pathogen that caused the plague was carried by fleas hidden in the fur of black mice. In the 14th century, there were many black mice. Once the disease occurs, it will spread rapidly. Between 1348 and 1350, a total of 25 million Europeans died of the Black Death. However, the epidemic did not stop there. In the next 40 years, it happened again and again.

Before the plague bacteria broke out again in the 1420s, it had been lurking in the Gobi desert of Asia for hundreds of years, and then it quickly spread around with the blood in fleas on rats, from China to Central Asia and Turkey along the caravan trade route, and then it was taken to Italy and entered Europe by ship. The dense population in Europe has become the gunpowder barrel of this disease. In three years, the Black Death ravaged the whole European continent and then spread to Russia, resulting in the death of nearly one third to half of the Russian population.

American plague

(16th century)

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Before the arrival of Europeans, there were 4 million to 5 million aborigines living in America, most of whom died in the 16th century, and some historians even called it "the biggest genocide in human history". However, the most direct killer who took the lives of Indians was not the guns of Europeans, but the plague they brought.

When Columbus arrived in the New World, Europeans had already experienced the catastrophe of fatal infectious diseases for many times, and also found ways to treat some infectious diseases. However, America was isolated from Eurasia for a long time before, and Indians were almost completely isolated from these diseases. European diseases began to spread to the New World after Columbus’s first trip to America. Mumps, measles, smallpox, cholera, gonorrhea and yellow fever, which have long been adapted by Europeans, are extremely lethal to Indians because their immune systems are almost immune, especially measles and smallpox. Therefore, even though the Aztecs and other Central American aborigines had walls that Europeans could not break, they were defeated by foreign plagues.

The plague destroyed the Aztec. In 1521, when the army of Mexican colonists began to besiege the fortress of Aztecs, the Mexican aborigines, they met with stubborn resistance and the attacks were repelled again and again. The Spanish, who were badly hit, thought that the Aztecs would take the opportunity to launch a deadly counterattack, but the troops in the castle were slow to see any action. This gave the Spaniards time to breathe. On August 21st, they launched a new offensive, but they did not encounter any resistance. The situation in the castle made them unbelievable: dead bodies were everywhere, and the smell of rotting bodies was everywhere. A force more deadly than the Spanish army had swept through the city, that is, the plague.

Some people once thought that it was backward weapons and technology that made American Indians lose to western colonists. Because in the traditional concept, the advanced weapons of Europeans have always been the key to their victory, but the western muskets at that time were not advanced. Indians soon found that although muskets were powerful, it was not easy to aim at them, and their fear of new weapons disappeared. And the long-range power of Indian bows and arrows is not inferior. In the 15th century, Inca culture in Latin America reached its peak. They built fields, had a clear social division of labor, and created a prosperous economy. Their knowledge of astronomy and geography was enough to amaze modern people. However, such a plague has made such a not backward race on the verge of extinction in just a few decades.

In fact, the spread of infectious diseases in Europe completely exceeded the speed of colonists’ advance to the American continent, and most Indians who learned of the arrival of Europeans from coastal residents were also infected with new diseases. Therefore, when the colonists arrived in Chile in the 1520s, the Inca civilization here had already been hit hard by smallpox, and almost all the royal families were killed by the plague. The new battle for the throne split the whole country in two, which gave the Spaniards an opportunity.

Resistance to disease was also the reason why the plague prevailed at that time. Infectious diseases are mostly mutated from animals, first transmitted to people, and then spread among human groups. Because Europe has a long history of agriculture and a large number of livestock, frequent contact with germs has formed adaptability for thousands of years; Indians, on the other hand, are not. The underdevelopment of agriculture makes them congenital lack of experience in contact with livestock. Their bodies rarely encounter such germs, so they have no immunity at all, so they are defeated in front of smallpox. Africans, on the other hand, have similar immune systems and resistance because of their earlier contact with Europeans. And the spread of disease can also be two-way. At that time, the only disease that was introduced into Europe from America was syphilis, which claimed the lives of a large number of Europeans.

Milan plague

（1629–1631）

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From 1629 to 1631, a series of plagues broke out in Italy, usually called the Milan Plague. Including rumba and Venice, the plague killed about 280 thousand people. The Great Plague in Milan is the last great plague among all epidemic plagues after the Black Death began.

In 1629, German and French soldiers brought infectious diseases to mantua. During the Thirty Years’ War, the Venetian army was infected with the disease. When they retreated to north-central Italy, they spread the disease to the local people. At that time, the total population of Milan was 130 thousand, and the number of people who died of illness in this plague was as high as 60 thousand.

Great plague in London

（1665-1666）

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The Great Plague in London refers to a large-scale plague that occurred in England from 1665 to 1666. In this plague, 75,000 to 100,000 people died, more than one-fifth of the total population of London at that time. It was historically identified as a large-scale black death caused by bubonic plague, and Yersinia pestis was infected by people through fleas. This infectious disease was the last large-scale outbreak of bubonic plague in England in 1665.

There are two theories about the source of the plague. One is from France. In April 1665, two French sailors fainted at the intersection of Trulli Street and Longacre in West End of London. Later, the virus they carried caused widespread infection. Another way of saying this is that the plague virus comes from the Netherlands, where the disease has spread since 1599. The first area hit by the plague was St Gilles parish in London. In the winter from the end of 1664 to the beginning of 1665, there were already cases there, but it was not until the spring of 1665 that the disease spread rapidly on a large scale due to the massive increase of population and the sharp deterioration of sanitary conditions. By July 1665, the plague had spread all over London. At that time, King Charles II and his family were forced to leave London for Oxfordshire, but the mayor and counselor were still sticking to their posts. And some clergy, doctors and pharmacists have been busy all summer. The streets are full of doctors in charge of plague, although many of them are unlicensed.

Because the plague spread very quickly, people had to seal off the houses where the sick people lived, and paint the Red Cross outside the closed door with the words "God bless" written on it. No one was allowed to enter or leave. Only at a limited time every day, food and water are sent through the window by special personnel. Thousands of patients died miserably under such bad conditions, and at most, no fewer than ten thousand people died in a week. By early September, the bustling city of London had completely turned into a silent dead city. All the shops are closed, there are almost no pedestrians in the street, and the roadside is covered with lush weeds. The only job in the city that can break the silence from time to time is to transport the bodies. Every night, the corpse truck "Gollum, Gollum!" The sound of wheels and the mournful ringing of cars made people feel creepy. At first, the burial work was only carried out in the middle of the night. Later, the number of the dead was too large, and it had to be carried out day and night. The bodies of the deceased were littered with corpse trucks and transported to burial pits everywhere. There, the workers in charge of burying bodies often cover their faces, ring bells and say, "rest in peace!" " Pour the body into the pit in a hurry, cover it with thin soil and leave in a hurry.

Records show that the number of deaths in London has been rising from 1,000 to 2,000 per week, and by September 1665, there were 7,000 deaths per week on average. By late autumn, the situation had been controlled to a certain extent. By February 1666, the city was considered safe enough to welcome the king. At the same time, due to the commercial exchanges with the European continent, the plague spread to France. After that, until September 1666, the plague was still moderately prevalent. On September 2 and 3, a fire broke out in the city of London, which destroyed most of the infected houses, which was the beginning of the improvement of the situation. Another possible reason is that most of the infected people have died. Since then, the city of London has been rebuilt on the basis of the fire, and it has been reborn after this plague.

the great plague of marseille

（1720 – 1722）

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In 1720, Marseille was hit by a plague, which was the worst disaster in the city’s history and one of the worst plagues in Europe in the early 18th century.

In 1720, a plague broke out in Marseille, France, affecting the whole city and surrounding cities, killing 100 thousand people. The plague came and went quickly, and Marseille quickly recovered from it. It took only a few short years for the economy to recover and develop rapidly, and trade expanded to the West Indies and Latin America. By 1765, the population growth had returned to the level before 1720. This plague is not as destructive as the Black Death in the 14th century.

The rapid end of this plague is not unrelated to the tough measures taken by the French government. The government stipulates that if Marseille citizens have any contact or communication with people in Provence and other places, they will be sentenced to death. In order to strengthen the isolation, the plague wall was also established.

Black Death in Moscow

(1771)

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The first signs of plague in Moscow were at the end of 1770, and it became an epidemic plague in the spring of 1771.

At that time, the government took a series of measures, such as setting up isolation zones, destroying polluted property and closing public baths. The great plague caused great panic and anger among the citizens. The economy of the whole city is paralyzed, mainly because many factories, markets, shops and administrative buildings have been closed. Then there is a serious shortage of food, which has caused the living standards of most Moscow people to become lower and lower. In order to escape the plague, the aristocracy and rich people left Moscow one after another.

On the morning of September 17, 1771, about 1000 people gathered at the entrance of Spasskiye again, demanding the release of captured anti-government militants and the elimination of isolation. The army tried to disperse the crowd, but it couldn’t. In the end, it could only suppress the riot again. About 300 people were imprisoned. On September 26th, a government official under Carracin orlov was sent to Moscow to restore social order.

In order to alleviate the impact of the plague, the government took some measures, such as providing jobs for citizens and distributing food to them, which finally calmed the dissatisfaction of Moscow people.

The third plague pandemic

（1885-1950s）

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The third plague pandemic refers to a major plague that began in Yunnan, China Province in 1855. This worldwide pandemic is famous for its rapid spread and wider spread than the previous two. The plague spread to all inhabited continents. After it first spread from Yunnan to Guizhou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Fuzhou and Xiamen, the death toll in these places reached more than 100,000. The plague in southern China also spread rapidly to India, to San Francisco in 1900, to Europe and Africa, and to more than 60 countries in 77 ports in 10 years. In India and China alone, more than 12 million people died of this plague. According to the World Health Organization, the parade lasted until 1959, when the number of people who died of plague in the world was reduced to about 200. The characteristic of this epidemic is that the epidemic areas are mostly distributed in coastal cities and densely populated residential areas nearby, and there are also epidemics among domestic animals.

Almost all Chinese and foreign scholars agree that the third world plague pandemic originated in Yunnan, and that Yunnan is an ancient focus of rodent plague, but they all assert that there is no natural focus of plague in Yunnan, and that the plague in Yunnan is imported. That is, it was introduced directly or from India and Myanmar. However, in 1974, plague workers in Yunnan isolated Yersinia pestis from Apodemus sinensis in Jianchuan County, Yunnan Province, which confirmed that there was a natural plague focus in western Yunnan, and scholars called it the Chiese plague focus of the longitudinal valley miletus in western Yunnan, which provided further scientific basis for the third plague pandemic.

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Original title: "Ten worst plagues in human history"

Editor’s lead: E-commerce data is very important and critical for the e-commerce industry, and observation data is also an indispensable daily work. The author of this article systematically introduces the indicator system of e-commerce data, and introduces the indicator system of e-commerce data from many aspects. Let’s learn it together.

In major e-commerce platforms or e-commerce companies, the most common thing is this kind of data monitoring big screen, which is used to help platforms and businesses understand the business situation in real time.

To observe data, we must first establish a complete data index system and define clearly what we want to see and how to see it.

This paper will introduce the e-commerce data index system through the definition, system construction and detailed explanation of e-commerce data.

E-commerce data refers to digital information used to record user behavior, including quantitative data of a series of behavior habits such as user registration, login, traffic, click, consumption and repurchase.

To analyze the data, we must first understand the business process of e-commerce, and analyze the user’s business path through the business process, what indicators each path needs to pay attention to, and the business loss that each path may bring. Finally, a perfect business funnel is formed.

For example, from the user’s point of view, the business process of e-commerce can include the following important nodes:

From what channels do users become registered users of e-commerce, including their own apps or other delivery channels, including WeChat, Alipay, Tik Tok and below-the-line.

Here, we need to focus on the number of registered users in each channel and the customer acquisition cost of each channel, such as CPA (single registration cost).

When the user is registered, there will be an e-commerce page to undertake, which means that the user will have browsing and clicking behaviors. At this time, the user’s preferences and potential transactions can be judged through the user’s browsing behavior.

Here, we need to focus on observing the UV, PV, browsing time, product click-through rate and so on of each page.

It should be noted that in the e-commerce position, search is a very important entrance. When users have a clear shopping intention, they are more likely to reach the goods directly through search.

Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the relevant traffic of search, including search UV, PV, and result rate.

When users reach the commodity level, they will enter the transformation link of ordering and trading.

This is the core gold process of e-commerce and an important path for user transactions.

Here, we need to focus on the quantity of orders, the number of people placing orders, the amount of orders placed, the quantity of payment orders, the number of people paying, the payment amount, the customer unit price, the gross profit margin and so on.

At the same time, we need to pay attention to the situation of after-sales orders, but when orders are closed due to after-sales or other abnormal reasons, it is also a part of the loss for the platform. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the after-sales order quantity, closing quantity and closing rate.

For the platform, after acquiring a user, of course, it will be hoped that he will repurchase as much as possible and generate more GMV, that is, to improve ARPU(Average Revenue Per User) as much as possible, that is, the contribution value of a single user.

Therefore, we need to pay attention to user activity, repurchase rate, shopping cart situation and so on.

The shopping cart is actually an ordering tool, but according to the user’s habits, the goods added to the shopping cart are more likely to be purchased or repurchased later, so we can also pay attention to the usage rate of the shopping cart at this stage.

In addition to the user’s point of view, you can also build business processes and corresponding data systems from the perspective of goods, orders and stores.

Because users have a life cycle, goods also have a life cycle, from shelves, orders, transactions, to emptying inventory. A set of commodity data index system can also be established.

Based on the above data definition and business process explanation, we can first establish a set of data index system that is as perfect as possible, that is, covering all business processes and business perspectives.

In this BI system, through the indicators of different dimensions, it is built layer by layer.

Users are the foundation of the "people-goods-field" system of e-commerce. No one comes, no matter how high-quality goods and luxurious fields are, it doesn’t make any sense.

Only by operating users well can transformation be formed.

1) Basic user attributes

• Age;
• Gender;
• Provinces;
• City;
• Type: for example, the current identity of the user, such as student, white-collar worker, etc.
• Risk level: In many installment e-commerce businesses involving finance, the user’s risk level is an important attribute, which determines whether the user can obtain the quota and use installment shopping.

The basic attributes of the above users are mainly to help the platform build user portraits and analyze users’ e-commerce consumption preferences.

2) User’s trading behavior

• Days since the last transaction order;
• The amount of the last transaction order;
• Number of historical transaction orders;
• Historical transaction order amount.

Through the first two indicators, we can judge the current active state of the user and whether it is necessary to align for activation or recall.

Through the latter two indicators, we can clearly calculate the customer unit price of the user, that is, the ARPU value of the user, which is the key to measure the user value.

3) User life cycle

• Number of registered users: number of registered e-commerce platform users;
• Number of active users: the number of users who log in to the APP;
• Number of users browsing business details: the number of users browsing the product details page;
• Number of new users: the number of users with 0 historical transaction orders;
• Number of old users: the number of users with historical transaction orders greater than 0;
• Number of repurchased users: the number of users with historical transaction orders greater than 1;
• Number of silent users: the number of users who have logged in the APP for more than 30 days and less than 90 days;
• Number of lost users: the number of users who have logged into the APP for 90 days or more.

Differentiating users according to their life cycle is conducive to the hierarchical and refined operation of users. Different operation strategies are adopted for users at different stages. For example, new users can be urged to complete their first order as soon as possible through new coupons and push, and the number of silent users can be recalled through SMS and exclusive offers.

It should be noted that different platforms have different definitions of their own silent and lost users. Some platforms will judge by activity, while others will judge by transaction. This time, it is only for reference, and it needs to be formulated in combination with its own platform characteristics and business demands.

After users come in, the first pages to accept users are all levels, including APP access, home page, activity pages, business details pages and clicks on elements in each page. These are the key indicators of traffic statistics.

1）APP

• Number of APP openers;
• APP opening times;
• Each tab is exposed to uv;
• Expose PV for each tab;
• Click uv on each tab;
• Click PV for each tab;
• UV click rate of each tab = click uv of each tab/expose uv of each tab;
• The PV click rate of each tab = each tab clicks on PV/ each tab exposes PV.

In general, we define the number of people who open the APP as the number of activities, so we need to measure the activity by counting the number and times of opening the APP.

There are many bottom tabs in current apps, such as Taobao’s home page, shopping, messages, shopping cart and my Taobao.

Each tab will have a corresponding exposure and click, and the click rate can be calculated according to this.

2) Active Page

• Page exposure uv;
• Page exposure PV;
• Click uv on the page;
• Click PV on the page;
• Page UV click rate = page click UV/ page exposure UV;
• Page PV click rate = page click PV/ page exposure PV;
• Per capita exposure = page exposure PV/ page exposure UV;
• Per capita click = page click PV/ page click UV.

Activity pages include home page, activity pages at all levels, and channel pages. For the statistical traffic of pages, the most important thing is exposure and clicking, so that the traffic of an activity page can be judged.

You can also refer to the per capita click, click rate and other indicators to judge the attractiveness of a single activity page to users.

3) Active Page Element

• Element exposure UV
• Element exposure PV
• Element click UV
• Element click PV
• Element UV click rate = element click UV/ element exposure UV
• Element PV click rate = element click PV/ element exposure PV
• Per capita exposure = element exposure PV/ element exposure UV
• Per capita click = element click PV/ element click UV

Active page elements refer to the elements in the above pages, such as package station, banner, icon, feed stream, advertising space, pop-up window and floating.

This is the important data for the traffic monitoring of the active page. Only by knowing the click rate of each element can we know which content users are more interested in, and then guide the operation to design and adjust the page.

Especially for the placement of advertising space, many platforms need internal competition for the content of advertising space.

One of the main bases of competition is the click-through rate. If the content delivered has a high click-through rate, it means that the delivery value is relatively higher. Of course, this needs to be viewed in combination with the subsequent transformation.

4) Business details

• Business details page uv;
• Business details page PV;
• Add a shopping cart and click UV;
• Add a shopping cart and click PV;
• Buy now and click UV;
• Buy now, click PV.

The product details page is an important page in the payment process of ordering, which mainly records the user’s browsing and jumping to place an order.

In addition to basic browsing data, clicking on the car and buying data.

In fact, there are many modules in the business details page, such as the coupon layer, whether the user clicks to see which coupons are available and clicks to collect them.

In the actual embedding point, all the browsing and clicking of the bomb layer should have embedding points, and according to the business needs, the browsing and clicking data of the corresponding module on the page can be observed.

5) Order page

• Confirm the order page UV;
• Confirm the order page PV;
• Submit the order and click UV;
• Submit the order and click PV.

The order confirmation page is also the core page of the order payment process. When users want to place an order for payment, they must go through the order confirmation page to confirm the relevant information of the order, and then jump to payment.

Among them, page browsing data and click-to-submit order data are the most important, which are the key data indicators of the funnel of order placing process.

There are other modules that can also be properly concerned, such as the coupon layer, whether the user clicks to see which coupons are available and clicks to use them; Select the receiving address, elastic layer, etc.

6) Payment page

• Payment page uv;
• Payment page PV;
• Click uv to pay the order;
• Click PV to pay the order.

The payment page is the last page of the payment process, and it is also the key to the transaction. Only when the user finally makes a transaction will it mean the improvement of GMV. The payment page is also commonly called the cashier page.

Page browsing data and pay-per-click data are the most important, which are the key data indicators of the order process funnel.

Many platforms will also open other functions at the checkout counter, such as choosing different payment methods, supporting the choice of installment payment and choosing different installment numbers, and observing users’ payment preferences through their clicks.

In e-commerce business, search is a very important business entrance. When users have no clear purchase target, they may browse the recommended products in the feed stream.

But when users have a very clear purchase goal, search is always the first entrance for users.

1) Search the basic situation

• Search exposure uv;
• Search exposure PV;
• Search and click PV;
• Search and click PV;
• Search UV usage rate = search click UV/ search exposure UV;
• Search PV utilization rate = search click PV/ search exposure PV;
• Number of searches per capita = search click PV/ search click UV;
• Per capita search terms = (search results words+search results words)/search clicks UV.

Search portals will exist in multiple pages, usually on the home page, so that users can clearly see them, so it is necessary to record their exposure and click data and analyze the user’s use of search.

In addition, we can observe the number of searches per capita and the number of words. If users search a lot, on the one hand, it shows that their purpose of coming to the platform is clear, on the other hand, they need to pay attention to whether the relevant recommendations are not accurate enough, which leads users to use search frequently.

2) Search has results

• Search has results uv;
• Search has a result PV;
• Search for results, click on the results UV;
• Search for results and click on the results PV;
• Search results without clicking UV;
• Search results without clicking UV proportion = search results without clicking UV https://www.woshipm.com/data-analysis/search results with UV;
• Search for the amount of words with results;
• Search for the number of words with results and no clicks;
• Proportion of words with search results without clicking = words with search results without clicking/words with search results.

According to the search results, it can be divided into search with results and search without results. When the search has results, you can check the number and times of people who have search results and whether they click after the results.

If the search has results, but the proportion of no clicks is high, it may be necessary to pay attention to whether the search results are not accurate enough, and the products searched out are not what users want, so users don’t want to click.

3) Search has no results

• Search for no results uv;
• Search for no result PV;
• Proportion of people who search for no results = search for no results UV/search click UV;
• Search for fruitless words;
• Proportion of search words without results = search words without results/(search words with results+search words without results).

Compared with the search with results, the search without results needs to focus on the problem of word quantity.

If there are a lot of words with no results, and the proportion is high, it means that there is a shortage of goods or the search matching algorithm needs to be optimized.

When the proportion of users who have no results in the overall search increases, they need to pay attention to the optimization of search products immediately. If more and more users come to search but don’t get feedback, then more and more users will be lost.

In the search data, the observation idea can be:

1. Pay attention to the data without results first, reduce the proportion of search without results, and ensure that users can find things;
2. Then pay attention to the data with results, reduce the proportion of results without clicks, and ensure that what the user finds is what he wants;
3. Finally, pay attention to the click data with results, and judge whether the things searched and clicked by users have finally formed a transformation.

Commodities mainly depend on their sales volume and profit, with sales volume paid by placing orders and profit by gross profit.

1) Basic information of commodities

• Quantity of commodities;
• New quantity of goods;
• The number of goods in stock;
• No inventory quantity of goods;
• The goods are sold in quantity;
• No sales quantity of goods;
• New rate of goods = new quantity of goods/quantity of goods;
• Sales rate of commodities = quantity of commodities sold/quantity of commodities;
• The unsalable rate of commodities = unsold quantity of commodities/quantity of commodities;
• Commodity dumping rate = quantity of goods out of stock/quantity of goods.

The quantity of goods reflects the ability of "goods" in e-commerce, and transactions can only be made if goods are available first.

But in addition, we need to pay attention to several major indicators, and whether the new rate feedback platform on commodities has continuously iteratively updated commodities.

The sales rate of commodities ensures that not only commodities are available, but also people buy them.

If the slow-moving rate of video is too high, we need to take corresponding measures to enhance the exposure of long-tail goods.

If the commodity dumping rate is high, on the one hand, it can reflect the preferences of platform users, on the other hand, it is necessary to pay attention to whether the supply chain is complete and whether iterative optimization is needed to support commodity sales.

2) Commodity sales

• Number of people placing orders;
• Number of orders placed;
• Order amount;
• Number of payers;
• Payment odd number;
• Payment amount.

The data indicators of goods ordering and payment mainly feed back the sales of goods.

3) Commodity profit

• Gross profit of self-operated goods = transaction amount-procurement cost-storage cost-logistics cost+rebate;
• Gross profit of pop products = transaction amount * deduction ratio-platform promotion expenses.

The profit of commodities can be divided into self-operated commodities and pop commodities to calculate.

For the big platform, there are both self-operated goods and shops, and the profit of the platform is calculated by deducting points.

The gross profit of self-operated goods needs to deduct the purchase cost, storage cost and logistics cost from the transaction amount of goods.

In addition, there may be cooperation with the brand, and the corresponding rebate can be obtained for selling a certain commodity, which is also part of the income.

It should be noted that only the gross profit of goods is considered here, all from the perspective of goods, such as labor costs are not taken into account.

For pop goods, that is, goods sold in stores, the commission is generally calculated by deducting the proportion of points, and at the same time, the promotion expenses spent by the platform, such as the amount of coupons issued by the platform, are deducted.

Order is the core of e-commerce system and the key to all transformation and statistics. The whole order process includes ordering, payment, completion and after-sales.

1) Place an order

• Number of orders placed;
• Number of people placing orders;
• Order amount.

2) Deal

• Number of transactions;
• Number of transactions;
• Transaction amount;
• Unit price of clinched a deal = clinched a deal amount/clinched a deal quantity;
• Transaction customer unit price = transaction amount/number of transactions;
• Turnover rate = turnover/order number;
• Transaction order conversion rate = transaction quantity/order quantity.

In addition to the basic order transaction index, it is also necessary to observe the customer unit price, which is the key to measure the user’s value, and can also understand the user’s consumption habits.

In addition, through the conversion rate of the transaction, we can check the loss of the order, and then optimize the process funnel of payment under the order.

3) Close the bill

• Quantity of customs clearance;
• Number of people closing the bill;
• Amount of customs clearance;
• Automatic closing quantity;
• Manual closing quantity.

Order closing includes that the user cancels the order voluntarily or the system cancels the order for various reasons.

In addition to paying attention to quantity, we need to pay attention to the specific reasons for closing orders, such as the classification of the reasons why users cancel orders voluntarily, whether the price is too high or the quality is not good.

It is equivalent to a user survey, so as to iterate according to user feedback.

4) After sale

• Number of after-sales orders;
• Number of after-sales orders;
• Number of successful after-sales orders;
• Number of failed after-sales orders.

After-sale forms generally include refund, return and exchange. Observing the quantity of after-sales orders and the number of people can confirm the performance quality of orders. If the quantity of after-sales orders is too high, it indicates that there are problems in the quality and service of goods.

At the same time, we should also pay attention to the results of after-sales orders and judge whether we have provided good after-sales service for users.

E-commerce marketing is mostly completed through coupons and various promotional activities, including single product direct drop activities, full discount activities, and group activities. The basic measurement indicators of different activities are similar, but there are some gaps in the corresponding indicators because of the different settings of coupons.

1) coupons

• Circulation;
• Number of recipients;
• Number of coupons received;
• Collection rate = number of coupons received/circulation;
• Number of people using coupons;
• Number of coupons used;
• Coupon rate = number of coupons used/number of coupons received;
• Number of people placing orders with coupons;
• Number of orders placed with coupons;
• The amount of the order with the coupon;
• Number of people paid by coupons;
• Pay the single amount with coupons;
• The amount paid by coupons;
• Coupon investment amount = coupon payment amount * coupon denomination;
• Coupon ROI= coupon investment amount/coupon payment amount.

The coupon collection rate and coupon utilization rate can help operators find the funnel problem, whether users do not collect coupons or place orders without coupons after receiving them.

The ROI of coupons is the key to measure the value of coupon activities. The order amount brought by coupons can be confirmed by paying the amount with coupons, and then the total input cost can be obtained by multiplying the total number of coupons consumed by the coupon denomination, and finally the input-output ratio can be calculated.

2) Activities

• Number of people placing orders at the event;
• Number of active orders;
• Activity order amount;
• Number of people paying for activities;
• Activity payment bill quantity;
• Activity payment amount;
• Amount invested in the activity;
• Activity ROI= activity input amount/activity payment amount;
• Activity indicators are similar to coupons, mainly taking ROI as a measure of activity value.

The above indicators such as traffic, orders, commodities, marketing, etc. can be used not only for platform self-operation, but also for the operation measurement of platform-settled merchants.

If there is a platform with both self-operated and pop merchants like JD.COM, you only need to apply different indicators to different objects.

Data is a reliable basis for business improvement and iteration, a powerful basis for upgrading and transformation, and a reliable basis for strategic decision-making.

It represents the user’s behavior habits and ways, and it needs to be calculated, observed and analyzed to see the conclusion.

Data plays an irreplaceable role in e-commerce and is the guarantee for its continuous development.

Only by building a complete and clear data index system can we achieve business transformation through data promotion.

The core of e-commerce data indicators includes users, traffic, search, goods, orders and marketing.

Each company and business may be slightly different, which can be adjusted according to the actual situation, and finally build a data system that matches its own business.

　

Author: Ball, WeChat WeChat official account: product balls.

This article was originally published by @ yo-yo. Everyone is a product manager. It is forbidden to reprint without permission.

The title map comes from Unsplash and is based on CC0 protocol.

　　A few days ago, the teacher of the "Science Fiction Literature and Film Creation Series Lecture Class" of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences gave 22 students 0 points for plagiarizing their final articles, which sounded an alarm for the students. Because of the lack of self-accumulation, lack of relevant training and the neglect of undergraduate thesis, plagiarism of college students’ thesis is widespread on campus.

　　Last week, a survey of 2002 college students was conducted by the Social Investigation Center of China Youth Newspaper in conjunction with the questionnaire network. It showed that 76.4% of the respondents plagiarized course papers, and 67.3% of the respondents thought it was serious academic misconduct. 64.0% of the respondents believe that college students plagiarize papers because they lack knowledge accumulation and research ability. 88.0% of the respondents hope that the university will offer a thesis writing course, and 67.8% of the respondents think that the tutor should strictly check the feasibility and difficulty of the project.

　　Among the respondents, 13.4% were freshmen and sophomores, 61.8% were juniors and seniors, 9.1% were postgraduates and above, and 15.6% had graduated. Men account for 54.8% and women account for 45.2%.

　　64.0% of the respondents believe that college students plagiarize papers because they lack knowledge accumulation and research ability.

　　Zhang Jie (pseudonym), a senior majoring in international trade at Ningbo University, told reporters that many students around her copied and pasted their papers from various documents, and got them through reverse order. What’s more, they would directly find gunmen on Taobao to write them.

　　Lin Yuan (a pseudonym), a junior at the School of Journalism, Renmin University of China, feels that there are few cases of plagiarism around. "It is very difficult for our disciplines to write original papers at the undergraduate level. Many of them rely on consulting relevant literature and writing their own course papers. Writing ideas and references may draw lessons from other papers. However, I heard that some students are looking for someone to write papers on their behalf, and there are still cases of falsification of paper data in the Statistical Institute. "

　　In the survey, 76.4% of the respondents said that there was plagiarism of course papers around, 11.5% said that there was no plagiarism around, and 12.1% said that it was unclear. 67.3% of the respondents think that plagiarism is a serious academic misconduct, 23.2% think it’s no big deal, many students use other people’s opinions, and 9.5% say it’s hard to say.

　　"In the past, the courses were generally closed-book exams, which examined the ability of memory and recitation. They were relatively rigid, but they were also fair and objective. Written examination is rarely used in western countries, and many students are assessed by means of usual discussion, research speeches and course papers. Now many universities in China are gradually using this method, especially for graduate students. " Liu Haifeng, director of the Examination Research Center of Xiamen University, said that the latter’s assessment methods are flexible and diverse, allowing students to study independently, and combining study with research. However, there are difficulties in objective assessment, and plagiarism and writing for others may occur. "Now there is software to check duplication, plagiarism is easier to find out, but it is difficult to find out if someone else wrote it for you."

　　In the survey, 64.0% of the respondents think that college students plagiarize papers because of lack of knowledge accumulation and research ability, 56.6% think that time is not enough, 45.0% think that "thesis writing" is just a formal assignment, 40.0% think that relevant courses or papers are worthless, 23.4% think that they follow the trend, and 12.7% point out that some teachers have limited level.

　　Zhang Jie believes that it is ok to learn from other people’s papers, but it should not be copied without thinking. Moreover, the process of writing a thesis is very training, which can enhance a person’s logical thinking ability and ability to collect effective information.

　　Lin Yuan believes that the main reasons for plagiarism of college students’ papers are insufficient knowledge and heavy tasks. "Freshmen and sophomores have to attend 10 classes a week, each class is assigned a paper, and some classes have reading notes and the like. Coupled with the lack of undergraduate knowledge accumulation, plagiarism has become the most convenient way. "

　　Liu Haifeng believes that one reason why college students plagiarize papers is that they are not good enough to write well, and another reason is that they are too lazy to write and want to cope with it by opportunism. There are also students who want to get better grades, for scholarships, research and employment.

　　To put an end to plagiarism of college students’ papers, 67.8% of the respondents think that tutors should strictly check the feasibility and difficulty of the project and provide students with materials for reference, and 56.6% of the respondents suggest that schools adopt more ways to measure students’ learning level. Others include: carrying out necessary spot checks (49.5%), increasing the punishment for plagiarism (41.7%), strengthening the construction of study style, carrying out publicity and education on academic ethics (25.5%), and establishing a perfect academic evaluation mechanism (19.0%).

　　88.0% of the respondents think that universities should offer thesis writing courses.

　　According to the survey, there are other problems in college students’ papers: they have not been trained in writing norms (65.9%), it is difficult to form their own opinions (58.7%), the requirements of papers do not match the learning level (50.7%) and they are not taken seriously (27.0%). 88.0% of the respondents believe that universities should offer thesis writing courses.

　　Lin Yuan thinks that universities should offer thesis writing courses, but don’t measure them by grades. Now, the thesis writing class is just like other classes. At last, we have to make a report and write a thesis, which increases the burden on students.

　　"Now many universities have thesis writing courses, especially at the postgraduate level. It is also very important to go out for employment, which is a basic skill. " Liu Haifeng pointed out that academic papers are different from prose and lyrical styles, and emphasize logic, theory and academic norms. "Thesis writing course should include three aspects: content and thought, formal skills and academic norms. The most basic thing is the framework structure, viewpoints and arguments, the expression of academic language, and the format specifications such as quotations, notes and references. The most important thing in writing a thesis is to have something to say and have your own thinking and research. It is necessary to emphasize respect for intellectual property rights to students and not to have the idea of plagiarism. " According to the survey, the respondents think that the content of the thesis writing course should involve the structure and format of the thesis (64.0%), how to find and read reference materials (61.4%), how to make a literature review (52.7%), and others: how to form an argument (44.3%), the basic principles of writing a thesis (38.0%) and what journal to publish in (12.8%).

　　Lin Yuan hopes that teachers in all subjects can give feedback to students’ papers and tell them where there are shortcomings and how to improve them. "There is also the need to pay attention to training critical thinking in class. I took a journalism theory class before, and the teacher assigned a lot of books, so that we could write a book report in each class. The whole class benefited a lot after one semester. "

　　To improve the level of college students’ thesis writing, 71.1% of the respondents suggested that the school set up relevant courses or lectures to systematically teach thesis writing, 62.0% suggested that college students read extensively to broaden their knowledge, 57.2% suggested that the school arrange holiday homework to let students exercise their ability to write papers, and 32.8% suggested that teachers give guidance and feedback while arranging thesis homework in class.

　　Zhang Jie suggested that college students should strengthen the training of logical thinking when completing their daily homework, and the school should offer relevant courses, and at the same time establish a reporting platform to supervise each other among students. "Before assigning the paper homework, the teacher can explain and analyze the ideas of writing the paper. In addition, it is necessary to punish the media that provide convenience for plagiarism. "

　　To prevent plagiarism of college students’ papers, Lin Yuan felt that there should be corresponding punishment, such as failing the exam. In addition, it is necessary to reduce the burden on students and pay attention to the quality rather than quantity of papers. "Teachers should be persuasive in class and teach students how to form their own ideas. Once they have ideas, they can write papers easily.".

　　"We hope that students’ learning should be personalized, and the unified examination is really rigid, unless it is a course that needs to be measured, such as a foreign language, so there will be more and more forms of assessment for college course papers. It is flexible and diverse to evaluate the learning situation with course papers. The key is how to control the quality of the paper. " Liu Haifeng believes that to ensure the quality of course papers, teachers should be highly responsible and strict with students. Students can be told in advance, and whether there is plagiarism can be seen through duplicate checking.

　　China Youth Daily Zhongqing Online Reporter Wang Pinzhi Intern Gu Lingwen

Recently, Xi ‘an is vigorously promoting the transformation of household appearance. The renovation of household surface in Xi ‘an began as early as 2013, but the progress was slow, and rapid progress was made in the past two years. Up to now, there are 8,235 power supply communities in Xi ‘an, 7,358 of which have been signed and handed over, accounting for 89%, and 5,425 of which have been renovated, accounting for 66%. According to the plan, the transformation task of urban residents’ electricity meters will be fully completed before November 15 this year.

According to a survey conducted by the reporter of Huashang Daily, although it is stipulated that the property should be publicized regularly after collecting the public electricity fee, the reality is that there is little publicity, the publicity content is opaque and there is a lack of supervision.

> > Owner’s response

Each household shares the electricity fee of 285 yuan per year.

The owner questioned the authenticity

Recently, the Zhonghai Guanyuan Community in Qujiang New District is undergoing renovation of the household table, and the owners have questioned the standard of shared electricity charges for property publicity.

Ms. Zhang, the owner of Zone B of Zhonghai Guanyuan, said that she lived in the community in 2011. There were 1,548 households in the community. Before the renovation of the household table, they all bought electricity in the property, 0.6 yuan/kW h. "The neighborhood next to it is only 0.498 yuan/kW h." Ms. Zhang said that the electricity fee in the community has always been more expensive than that in other communities, and the property said that it includes sharing and loss.

After the renovation, the owner doesn’t have to go to the property to buy electricity. I thought I could enjoy the electricity price of 0.498 yuan/kW h like other residential areas. I didn’t expect that the property posted a public notice saying that the shared electricity fee in the residential area was 36,877 yuan/month (the annual shared electricity fee was about 450,000 yuan), and each household shared 0.202 yuan /m/ month according to the area, so that the average household needed to pay the shared electricity fee of 285 yuan per year.

The reporter from Huashang Daily saw the calculation table of the shared electricity fee for the project named (Guanyuan Area B) at the entrance of the community, which listed the unit corridor lights, park street lights, landscape lights, water pumps, civil air defense sewage pumps, access control systems, fans, fire pumps, line loss power, daily cumulative electricity consumption time, daily energy consumption, etc. Based on this, it was calculated that the monthly energy consumption of public facilities and the shared electricity fee per unit area were 0.202 yuan.

Some owners don’t quite agree with this announcement. Taking the electricity consumption of the unit access control system in the announcement as an example, the daily energy consumption time of the announcement is 24 hours, but the unit access control is almost empty at night, and it is in a rest state. The owners think that the energy consumption in use and rest state is different and should not be generalized. The owner thinks that this publicity method is not objective, and it should be clear which shared facilities should be shared by the owner, and the shared electricity should be obtained directly from the power supply bureau. The shared electricity should be: the total electricity of the community-the electricity purchased by the users-the electricity used in the profit-making area (the profit-making area needs to set up another electricity meter), and the shared electricity should be shared by the owner according to the area.

Price department: the shared electricity fee does not need to be reported, but can be publicized.

Owners can only coordinate if they don’t recognize it.

The property staff of Zhonghai Guanyuan said that the collection of the pool electricity fee was carried out in accordance with the Implementation Measures for the Management of Property Service Charges in Shaanxi Province and the Implementation Plan for the Renovation of One Household and One Meter in Xi ‘an Residential Quarter, which was issued by the Xi ‘an Municipal Government in 2013-47. They checked the calculation standard of the pool electricity fee with the price department, calculated it according to the standard and publicized it. Article 9 of DocumentNo. 2013-47 of Xi ‘an Municipal Government stipulates that the public electricity consumption of residential quarters includes two parts: the inside and outside of residential buildings, in which the inside part includes electricity consumption for public corridors, staircase lighting, access control, emergency indicator lights, etc. The outside part of the building includes: courtyard street lighting, landscape lighting and other electricity consumption. They are calculated according to this standard, and the calculated pool electricity price is more reasonable for the community. Moreover, this price has also been reported to the price department of Yanta District for filing.

In this regard, the reporter of Huashang Daily consulted the price department of Yanta District as the owner. The relevant staff said that in terms of property charges, property fees and parking fees are subject to government-guided prices, health fees are subject to government pricing, and other charges, including pool electricity fees, are subject to market adjustment prices and do not need to be reported, so the report said by the property is not true. The shared electricity fee is priced after property accounting, and the charging behavior must be publicized. As for how to calculate it, there is no relevant regulation. Recently, there are many complaints about shared electricity charges, and the charge of 0.202 yuan /m/ month is not high. If the owners don’t agree with this, the industry committee can come forward to negotiate, and the price department can only play a coordinating role.

On May 20th, the owner of the residential area said that the residential area has completed the transformation of electricity meters and can purchase electricity directly online. At present, it has not started to collect the pool electricity fee, and it is expected to start collecting it in June.

> > reporter survey

At present, there are various charging standards for shared electricity fees in residential areas.

How about the collection of shared electricity charges in various residential areas in Xi ‘an? The reporter of Huashang Daily conducted an investigation on this.

Mr. Liu, who lives in Xianning Bay Community in the east of the city, said that the shared electricity fee in the community is 30 yuan per household every month, and the electricity facilities and electricity consumption were not publicized.

Mr. Liang, who lives in the Jinshang Community of Fengcheng No.1 Road, said that the shared electricity fee in the community is charged according to the housing area, and the price is 0.18 yuan/square meter/month. The property has not publicized the electricity facilities and electricity consumption.

Ms. Chen, the owner who lives in Jindi Xiangyue Tianxia Community in South Third Ring Road, said that the community belongs to a newly-built community, and has been collecting public utilities at a price of 0.25 yuan /m/ month since she moved in, and has not publicized the electricity facilities and electricity consumption.

According to the reporter’s investigation, most of the residential areas that haven’t been renovated need to go to the property to purchase electricity, and the charging standard is mostly 0.6 yuan/kW h, which includes shared electricity charges, such as Dingxin Garden and Shirong Jiacheng in the north, Jianyuan Jiayuan and Xikan Residential Area in the south.

There are also some enterprises and institutions’ family homes that don’t charge pooled electricity fees. For example, Dongyuan Community of Xihang Company in the north of the city has just undergone the renovation of household meters. The owner, Ms. Wang, said that no pooled electricity fees were charged before or after the renovation, and the electricity fee has always been 0.49 yuan/kW h.

Ms. Cheng, the owner of Shirong Jiacheng Community, said that she had paid little attention to the water and electricity charges at home before, and learned that the electricity price of residents was 0.498 yuan/kW h, and the electricity price charged by the property including pool was 0.6 yuan/kW h. Ms. Cheng believed that the pool electricity used by the community every month was obviously fixed, so it could be shared directly with the owners, and should not be charged by raising the electricity price, so the property would obviously earn the difference. "Doesn’t this mean that the more household electricity I use, the more electricity I have to pay, and pool electricity has become a tool for property to make money."

Ms. Chen, the owner of Jindi Xiangyue Tianxia Community, believes that since the policy requires the property to publicize the public electricity consumption of the community, it is natural for the property to be collected according to the facts, and the property pricing should also be apportioned according to the actual amount. The authenticity of the electricity consumption announced by the property is very important. In fact, it is only necessary to measure the public electricity facilities separately. This is the simplest and most transparent way. If the property is not announced, the pool electricity fee will become a "confused account".

Power supply company: after the transformation of household meters, public electricity will be installed with separate meters.

Why is there a problem of different standards for shared electricity charges, and whether it is possible to realize a separate meter for public electricity consumption? In order to find out the collection of public electricity charges, the reporter from Huashang Daily interviewed the relevant staff of State Grid Xi ‘an Power Supply Company.

Wang Yang, the marketing specialist of State Grid Xi ‘an Power Supply Company, introduced that before the transformation of household meters, the power supply department installed a master meter in the residential area, while the property installed many sub-meters, including residential parts and public electricity consumption parts. The electricity fee is charged according to the total electricity meter of the community and the government’s catalogue electricity price, which is 0.4983 yuan/kW h for residents and 0.5109 yuan/kW h for public electricity. The property is charged to the owner according to the electricity quantity and price of the sub-meter, and the property collects the electricity fee, and the power supply department does not pay the handling fee for it. Due to the existence of pooled electricity charges, most properties are directly charged in the electricity price, including 0.6 yuan/kW h and 0.7 yuan/kW h, and the standards have not been uniform.

"This is also the reason for the transformation of the household table. The purpose is to skip the price increase of the property, read the meter to the household and charge the household." Wang Yang said that because the public electricity facilities in the residential area belong to all owners, the power supply department was only responsible for the power supply facilities outside the residential area before the household meter reform, and the power supply facilities in the residential area should be handed over to the power supply department first. In addition to replacing the electricity meter for the owner’s home, the power supply department also installed independent electricity meters for the public electricity facilities in the community. All public facilities such as elevators, public lighting, water pumps, heating, garages and so on are public electricity.

After the transformation of household meters, the electricity charge collected by the power supply department is divided into two parts. One is to sign an agreement with all residents to establish a contractual relationship and realize the charging to households. Then there is the public electricity consumption part. The power supply department lists households for public facilities, and the head of the household is generally a residential property. The power supply department and the property establish a contractual relationship and charge monthly according to the meter measurement. When charging, the power supply department will list the electricity consumption details for the property, pay the fee after the property is determined, and then the power department will issue an invoice for it.

At present, in all residential areas that have completed the renovation of household meters, public electricity facilities have been separately metered by hanging meters and charged with shared electricity fees.

Government documents: it is stipulated that the property should publicize the copy of the payment voucher of the pool electricity fee.

During the visit, the reporter from Huashang Daily found that the charging standard of residents’ living electricity fee in the public notice board of Xi ‘an property service and price collection and payment in the property office of Zhonghai Guanyuan Community is 0.6 yuan per kilowatt hour, including electricity price+loss sharing, and the charging basis is Shaanxi Price Management [2002] No.120 and Shaanxi Price Development [2011] No.169. The reporter found in the official website of the Provincial Price Bureau that a notice entitled "Shaanxi Provincial Price Bureau on Dredging the Contradictions of Electricity Prices in Our Province" (Shaanxi Price Shangfa [2016] No.57) stipulated that the "one household, one meter" residential users in our province directly copied by power supply enterprises implement the residential ladder electricity price, while the residential community users who have not implemented "one household, one meter" do not implement the residential ladder electricity price, and the residential community combined electricity price implements the catalogue electricity price in our province, which is shared within the community. The notice will be implemented as of June 1, 2016. "Notice of Shaanxi Provincial Price Bureau on further clarifying the issues related to the implementation of the same electricity price for urban and rural residents in Shaanxi Power Grid" (Shaanxi Price Management [2002] No.120) shall be abolished at the same time.

The Notice of Shaanxi Provincial Price Bureau on Clearing and Regulating the Charges of Power Grid and Switching Power Supply Link (Shaanxi Price Shangfa [2018] No.71) requires that for all end users with complete sub-meter devices and normal operation after switching power supply main meter, it is encouraged to implement shared facilities electricity consumption and loss electricity consumption through negotiation between switching power supply main body and end users, and solve them through rent, property fee and service fee. If the current difficulties are solved through the above-mentioned methods, the transfer power supply entity can temporarily share the electricity consumption of shared facilities and loss electricity according to the proportion of each meter electricity consumption of end users to the total meter electricity consumption (the upper limit is the difference between the total meter electricity consumption paid by the transfer power supply entity to the power grid enterprise and the sub-meter electricity consumption charged to all end users, excluding labor costs, repair costs, asset depreciation and other expenses other than the total meter electricity consumption), and the cost sharing standard should be listed separately and charged separately outside the prescribed electricity price. According to the implementation cycle of no more than one year at the longest, the main body of power transfer will publicize to all users a copy of the electricity fee voucher it paid to the power grid enterprise and the list of shared facilities electricity consumption and loss electricity consumption of all end users in the same period. If the sub-meter device behind the master meter is incomplete, the main body of the transfer power supply will negotiate with the end users to determine the specific electricity fee allocation method, and the results will be announced to all end users.

Housing management department: only responsible for supervising the quality of property services.

Price department: Shared electricity charges are not subject to government pricing.

It is understood that the Xi ‘an Municipal Government’s "Implementation Plan for the Renovation of One Household and One Meter in Xi ‘an Residential Quarter" issued in 2013 stipulates that after the renovation of the household meter, the power consumption of the public electricity in the residential quarter shall be shared by all the owners of the community according to the principle of "who benefits and who bears". Power supply enterprises should install independent meters to measure public electricity consumption in residential quarters, and can entrust property management service enterprises or self-management units in residential quarters to collect electricity charges and pay them to power supply enterprises according to the facts. Power supply enterprises shall pay a certain handling fee as appropriate, and the specific standards shall be agreed upon by both parties through consultation. Property management service enterprises should separately account for public electricity consumption, and regularly announce the collection and allocation to all owners.

Article 21 of the Implementation Measures for the Management of Property Service Charges in Shaanxi Province also stipulates that in the property management area, water supply, power supply, gas supply, heating, communication, cable TV and other units shall charge relevant fees to end users in accordance with state regulations. If the realty service enterprise accepts the entrustment to collect the above fees, it may charge the entrusting party a handling fee, and the specific standards shall be agreed upon by both parties through consultation. No additional fees such as handling fees shall be passed on to the owner. Public lighting, landscape facilities and other common water and electricity costs, property services companies should be measured separately, in strict accordance with the water and electricity price policy truthfully shared and published regularly.

Mr. He, the owner, said that since the power supply department has separately hung a watch for the public electricity facilities in the community, and the charges are detailed and bills, it is not difficult for the property to truthfully publicize the public electricity charges, but in fact, there are not many communities that have been publicized, even if the publicity is not based on the measurement of electricity meters, which makes people doubt whether there is any interest problem. If the property earns the price difference from it, is it arbitrary charges? Who will supervise it?

It is understood that the renovation of the household surface in Xi’ an was led by the Municipal Housing and Construction Bureau. Huashang Daily interviewed the relevant person in charge of the property management office of the bureau on this matter. The relevant person in charge of the property management office of the bureau said that the housing management department is only responsible for supervising the service quality of the property, and the charging problem should be supervised and managed by the price department.

Regarding the collection of pooled electricity charges, the person in charge said that the Regulations on Property Management promulgated by the State Council clearly stipulated that water supply, power supply, gas supply, heating, communication, cable TV and other units in the property management area should collect relevant fees from end users. The realty service enterprise shall not charge additional fees such as handling fees to the owners if it accepts the entrusted collection fees. As a matter of fact, most of the utilities in Xi ‘an were collected by property companies before the renovation of household meters, but only the property and power supply departments know how much the property has collected from the owners and actually paid to the power supply bureau. It is clearly stipulated in the renovation plan of household table that publicity is required. Since publicity is required, the price department should supervise the publicity content.

Article 25 of the Implementation Measures for the Management of Property Service Charges in Shaanxi Province stipulates that the price departments of local governments shall, jointly with the construction administrative departments at the same level, strengthen the supervision and inspection of the charging items, charging standards, service contents and service standards of property service enterprises. Property services companies that violate the laws, regulations and provisions on price shall be punished by the competent price department of the government in accordance with the Price Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Provisions on Administrative Penalties for Price Violations.

Regarding the problems raised by the owners, such as non-standard, little publicity and opaque publicity, the relevant person in charge of the price department in Xi ‘an said that the pooled electricity fee is not set by the government. According to the relevant documents of the Provincial Price Bureau and the Notice of the General Office of Xi ‘an Municipal People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Plan for the Renovation of One Meter in Xi ‘an Residential Quarter, after the renovation of the household meter, the electricity consumption of the public electricity in the residential quarter will be paid by all the owners of the residential quarter according to the principle of "who benefits and who bears". Property management service enterprises should separately account for public electricity consumption, and regularly announce the collection and allocation to all owners. If the owners have doubts about the publicity content of the property, they can organize industry committees to defend their rights.

> > expert opinion

Information transparency can resolve doubts.

Cao Rong, dean of the School of Public Administration of Northwest University, said that implementation in accordance with laws and regulations is the basis for establishing and improving a society ruled by law.

In response to this matter, Cao Rong believes that because the policy only stipulates the payment and apportionment of the public electricity fee, the content of the publicity is not particularly specific, and the parties have different understandings from their own perspectives, which leads to the owners’ disapproval of the content of the property publicity, which leads to conflicts and contradictions. This requires the relevant departments to make a more detailed regulation, which will be easier to implement and easier for owners to understand and accept. In the process of social governance, it is necessary to constantly improve and optimize relevant systems.

The price department said that the pool electricity fee does not belong to government pricing, and the market-regulated price needs to be resolved through consultation. Cao Rong believes that in the negotiation process, the transparency of information is very important. In this case, the less the property is made public, the stronger the owner’s doubts. Transparent and open information transmission is an important means to resolve the owner’s doubts. Written by Huashang Daily reporter Zhao Ruili

(The original title of this article: "Do not drop but increase! After the renovation of the household meter, the charges were questioned by the owners: Can Xi ‘an pool electricity charges be made public? 》）

Every reporter Song Kejia, Li Shaoting, every intern editor Yang Xia　　　　

There is a kind of "green", which is the green that listed companies yearn for.

There is also a kind of "green", which is deliberately made by enterprises.

When enterprises begin to practice the concept of protecting green water and green mountains, and gradually implement the "double-carbon goal", the market is pursuing ESG concept enthusiastically, and green and low-carbon are gradually becoming new challenges and new yardsticks for enterprise development, so environmental risks can not be underestimated.

On April 22nd — — On the occasion of Earth Day, national business daily specially launched the environmental risk list of A-share listed companies in 2021, deeply analyzing the environmental risks of A-share companies last year. Through continuous data mining and accumulation, the reporter found that many A-share listed companies as industry leaders are not so "green" in environmental performance.

According to the data of A-share green report project, in 2021, among more than 4,000 A-share listed companies, 730 listed companies exposed their own or their subsidiaries’ environmental risks, resulting in more than 2,700 environmental supervision records, including over 2,300 environmental protection fines, and the total amount of fines and confiscations was about 304 million yuan.

Since February, 2021, national business daily, together with Environmental NGO Public Environment Research Center (Blue Map), has screened and monitored the environmental performance of listed companies and their subsidiaries (including branches, shareholding companies and holding companies) based on authoritative environmental monitoring data, and made a scientific evaluation model analysis, and launched the first environmental risk list of A-share listed companies in China with full coverage of A-shares, multi-dimensional data and strict information verification, which is still continuously updated.

"We try to quantify the complicated and professional environmental risk data into easy-to-understand figures and rankings through this intuitive list. We expect more ordinary investors and the public to penetrate the information fog and see the stains and highlights of the green and low-carbon development of A-share listed companies. We also expect more and more enterprises, especially listed companies as public companies, to practice green and low carbon and fulfill their environmental trust responsibilities from the little efforts of environmental risks. " Yue Qi, the initiator of A-share green report project and editor-in-chief of national business daily Company Channel, said.

Environmental risk list of A-share listed companies TOP50• 2021 • Geographical distribution of industries

From environmental fines to environmental crimes, looking back at 2021, the intensity of punishing environmental violations has not diminished. According to the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, from January to December in 2021, a total of 132,800 environmental administrative punishment decisions were issued nationwide, with a total amount of fines and confiscations of 11.687 billion yuan. Compared with 2020 — — The national ecological environment system issued 126,100 environmental administrative punishment decisions, with a total fine of 8.236 billion yuan, and the data increased significantly.

How many A-share listed companies are involved in hundreds of thousands of environmental protection tickets? Which companies are deliberately "greenwashing"? Which companies have unsatisfactory ecological environment protection?

The statistics of A-share green report project, which includes various environmental supervision records of A-share listed companies and their shareholding, holding and branches, show that in 2021, among more than 4,000 A-share listed companies, 730 listed companies exposed their own or their shareholding and branches to environmental risks, resulting in more than 2,700 environmental supervision records, including more than 2,300 environmental fines, with a total amount of fines of about 304 million yuan.

These companies show different levels of environmental risks. Among them, the cumulative environmental risk value of listed company China Construction (Note 1) exceeds 3,000 points, ranking first in the A-share environmental risk list in 2021, while the annual environmental risk value of listed company Xianyu Pharmaceutical is 0.03, ranking at the bottom of the list — — 730th place.

Corresponding to the environmental risk value exceeding 3,000 points, various companies under China Construction have received hundreds of environmental protection tickets in the past year.

According to the data disclosed by China Construction, in 2021, there were 206 construction projects in which subsidiaries of China Construction were subject to administrative penalties for environmental problems such as construction noise, dust, sewage and solid waste, involving a total fine of about 7.765 million yuan.

The A-share Green Report Project shows that most of the environmental protection fines received by subsidiaries of China Construction are related to noise and dust pollution, and there are many cases of repeated fines. In the short term, the environmental risks of buildings in China have not decreased significantly. From January to March this year, China Construction itself and its subsidiaries have accumulated more than ten ecological environment-related penalties again.

Xianju Pharmaceutical, the listed company with the lowest environmental risk value on the list, was listed on the environmental risk list of A shares in 2021 because the online monitoring data of the participating companies showed that it exceeded the standard, so the environmental risk value was only 0.03.

Between the environmental risk values that differ by more than 3000 points between the top and bottom of the list, the environmental risk levels exposed by the remaining 728 listed companies also show different trends. More than half of the listed companies have a cumulative environmental risk value of less than 37.49 a year, but the environmental risk value of the top ten listed companies on the list has increased rapidly, which has opened a gap with other listed companies. It is worth noting that among the top ten listed companies, except Zhengbang Technology, the market value of other listed companies is above 60 billion yuan (note the closing price data on April 18).

On the whole, there are 357 listed companies with a market value of 10 billion yuan or less, but the average cumulative environmental risk value is the lowest; On the other hand, there are 59 listed companies with a market value of more than 100 billion yuan, but the average cumulative environmental risk value is the highest.

From the perspective of industry distribution, in 2021, the average cumulative environmental risk value of listed enterprises in coal, building decoration, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, steel and real estate industries was higher.

In terms of plate distribution, among the listed companies exposed to environmental risks in 2021, 641 are listed on the main board, 77 are listed on the Growth Enterprise Market, and the remaining 11 are listed in science and technology innovation board and 1 is listed on the North Stock Exchange.

It is worth noting that with the reform of environmental trust system, listed companies with "previous record" of environmental problems are facing new requirements for corporate environmental information disclosure compliance. The relevant provisions of the Administrative Measures for the Legal Disclosure of Enterprise Environmental Information (hereinafter referred to as "Administrative Measures"), which came into effect on February 8 this year, show that some listed companies and bond-issuing enterprises are included in the scope of disclosure, and these enterprises are mainly the subjects who were investigated for corresponding legal responsibilities for ecological environmental violations in 2021.

2021 A-share environmental risk list ·TOP50

"Receiving complaints from the masses, central environmental supervision, and being arrested by the Minister of Ecology and Environment … …” For "fake green" and "not green" companies, with the tightening of environmental supervision policies, environmental risks are everywhere.

It is also difficult for listed companies with large scale and high compliance requirements to avoid environmental risks. Among all kinds of environmental protection issues, which should listed companies pay attention to? In this regard, the A-share green report project classifies different environmental violations into several categories: water, atmosphere, solid waste, heavy metals, noise, nuclear and radiation, energy conservation and emission reduction, others, ecology (forest and grass) and so on. The environmental risk data of A-shares in 2021 shows that listed companies often have air-related problems.

Due to atmospheric problems alone, in 2021, listed companies and their subsidiaries received over 900 punishments and reforms. Along with it, there are not only fines, but also penalties such as warnings, seizure and seizure, and implementation of production suspension and rectification.

In 2021, the listed company with the largest amount of penalties in the atmosphere was Hegang.

An unannounced visit by the Minister of Ecology and Environment to check the implementation of emergency response to heavy polluted weather exposed all kinds of environmental violations of Tangshan steel enterprises in March last year to the sun.

Among them, Tangshan Medium Plate Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Medium Plate Company") controlled by Hegang Co., Ltd. was found to have failed to implement Class II emergency response to heavy polluted weather and air pollution control requirements in autumn and winter, discharged air pollutants by evading supervision, and the online monitoring data exceeded the air pollutant discharge standard, thus accumulating several environmental protection fines of 1 million yuan.

According to the semi-annual report of Hegang in 2021, in the first half of last year alone, the plate company received 36 environmental penalties, with a total fine of 19.75 million yuan.

In addition to the fine, at the beginning of this year, a special centralized verdict was presented to the public. Forty-seven defendants from four companies, including Tangshan Medium Plate Co., Ltd., were sentenced and fined on January 27, 2022 for committing environmental pollution.

The strictest "Environmental Protection Law" in history "Teeth" appeared. In fact, from the compliance risk of environmental trust to the criminal risk of environmental protection, listed companies should pay attention to them.

In 2021, listed companies related to atmospheric punishment were not only concentrated in the steel industry, but also listed companies in the coal, building decoration and real estate industries received more atmospheric environmental protection tickets and were ordered to make corrections. In addition, listed banks have accumulated a lot of air tickets due to investment project factors.

In addition to atmospheric problems, water-related environmental problems have brought many large fines of several million yuan to some listed companies. Many of these fines come from continuous daily punishment.

Guozhong Water is the listed company that is most familiar with such punishment in 2021. In the past two years, this environmental protection enterprise has received more than one ticket for continuous daily punishment, all of which are related to water problems. Among them, the biggest fine was as high as 9 million yuan, which came from Guozhong (Qinhuangdao) Sewage Treatment Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Guozhong Water. This sewage treatment company was fined for refusing to correct the excessive discharge of water pollution.

It is not uncommon for sewage treatment plants to be fined for exceeding the standard, but outside sewage treatment plants, listed companies involved in water pollution mainly focus on building decoration and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industries. Among them, most listed companies in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industries have exceeded the standard because of their enterprises’ aquaculture wastewater. Listed companies in the architectural decoration industry are mostly due to water pollution in engineering projects.

Noise is a "stubborn disease" that some subsidiaries of listed companies are difficult to correct. A large number of noise fines and corrections are mostly concentrated in the architectural decoration and real estate industries, and the representative companies are China Construction and Greenland Holdings — — In 2021, both industry giants experienced excessive noise during the construction of many subordinate enterprises. Although the amount of noise fines is relatively small, the average penalty amount is about 15 thousand yuan. But at the end of last year,People’s Republic of China (PRC)Noise pollution prevention and control law》(hereinafter referred to as the "new noise law") passed and will be implemented on June 5 this year. The new noise law divides and controls all kinds of noise pollution, and increases the punishment. Among them, the places, facilities, equipment, tools and articles that emit noise can be sealed up and detained by the competent department of ecological environment or other departments responsible for the supervision and management of noise pollution prevention and control if they are ordered to correct the serious pollution caused by noise emission and refuse to correct it.

In addition, in the category of "other" environmental problems listed in the A-share green report project, illegal acts related to environmental impact assessment, such as building without approval and investing before inspection, are mainly involved, and these environmental impact assessment problems are concentrated in the subordinate enterprises of listed companies in building decoration, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, and petroleum and petrochemical industries.

In addition to the four categories of environmental violations mentioned above, such as atmosphere, water, noise and environmental impact assessment, listed companies and their subsidiaries often trigger many different types of environmental problems at the same time, which brings many environmental risks to enterprises.

The concept of green and low-carbon development goes deep into all walks of life, and it is very important for outstanding representatives in the economic field — — For listed companies, even those in high-pollution and high-carbon emission industries, there are many slogans calling for green transformation and low-carbon development. But what is the actual situation? In which industries are listed companies still facing the challenge of "not being green enough"?

board2021yearAIndustry distribution of listed companies in the environmental risk list (only industries with accumulated environmental risk value greater than 1000 are listed)

　

According to Shenwan’s industry classification, 730 enterprises listed on the environmental risk list are distributed in 31 industries. Over the past year, the industry with the highest cumulative environmental risk value has unexpectedly fallen behind the architectural decoration industry, with 47 listed companies in the industry on the list, accounting for 30.32% of the number of A-share architectural decoration companies. However, although the cumulative environmental risk value of the industry as a whole is the highest, the rankings of the 47 listed companies are quite different, and five of them rank in the top ten of the A-share environmental risk list in 2021, namely China Construction (ranked first), China Railway Construction, China Railway Construction, China MCC and China Power Construction.

In terms of the number of listed companies, the basic chemical industry is "riding the dust", with 73 — — The proportion of 10% has become the "hardest hit" in industries that expose environmental risks.

On the other hand, the basic chemical industry has a wide range and a large number of listed companies. According to the classification of Shenwan industry, there are 367 listed companies in this industry in A shares. In 2021, the listed companies in the basic chemical industry only accounted for 19.89% of the A-share companies in this industry.

In contrast, in the coal industry, only 22 companies are on the list, but this figure has included nearly 60% of coal enterprises in A shares. In addition, the cumulative environmental risk value of these 22 listed coal companies in one year has exceeded the cumulative figure of 73 listed companies in basic chemical industry.

The image that coal is not "green" has long been deeply rooted in people’s hearts. As the leading enterprises in the industry, the 22 coal enterprises on the list have not been able to play a better leading role in the process of changing coal from "black" to "green". In 2021, these 22 listed coal companies produced more than 160 environmental protection fines, involving air, water, solid waste and other environmental violations, and the accumulated fines exceeded 37 million yuan. Among them, the listed company ranked first in the coal industry is China Coal Energy. In 2021, the cumulative environmental risk value of this enterprise reached 1455.06 points. According to the 2021 annual report of China Coal Energy, last year, the key pollutant discharge units of the company were punished by the environmental protection administrative department of the ecological environment for 15 times, with a total penalty of 3.675 million yuan, including 9 times with a single penalty of 100,000 yuan or more, totaling 3.216 million yuan.

Similar to the high environmental risk of coal industry is its downstream power industry. Based on Shenwan’s secondary industry classification of 2021, 730 companies are distributed in 115 sub-industries, among which 5.2% are concentrated in the power industry, ranking first in all sub-industries, and the listed companies in the power industry account for 40% of the total, that is to say, 4 out of 10 listed companies in the power industry have had environmental problems in 2021.

Behind the environmental risk exposure of coal and electric power, with the energy transformation in China under the goal of double carbon, there is a contradiction between the rising energy demand and environmental constraints in the process of promoting the low-carbon energy transformation based on coal as the main energy.

However, there are many sub-sectors with a higher proportion than listed companies in the power industry, among which there are eight industries with more than half of the industries on the list.

List rules: the scientific model is dynamically released, and the A-share environmental risk list is continuously updated.

It should be noted that, as a professional financial media deeply involved in the field of listed companies for a long time, national business daily is committed to promoting the healthy development of the capital market and listed companies. Since September, 2020, national business daily has launched "A-share Green Weekly" jointly with the Public Environment Research Center of environmental NGOs (Blue Map).

On the basis of the data checked and collected in each issue of "A-share Green Weekly", we screened out the data such as environmental administrative punishment when the regulatory record was released in 2021, and the automatic monitoring of pollution sources in 2021 showed that it exceeded the standard. This means that the list covers thousands of A-share listed companies in China, and includes the environmental risks of tens of thousands of companies associated with A-share listed companies (including listed companies’ branches, holding subsidiaries and shareholding companies).

Because the list data comes from authoritative data such as environmental quality, environmental emissions and pollution source supervision records released by 31 provinces and municipalities and 337 prefecture-level cities, facing huge data sources and diverse data information, data collection inevitably has a certain lag. Therefore, the environmental risk list of A-share listed companies published on a regular basis adopts the method of continuously accumulating data, and this ranking only represents the environmental risk ranking of listed companies based on the published environmental risk information collected so far.

The list continuously accumulates new data and dynamically updates the environmental risk ranking of listed companies, aiming at helping listed companies and investors to understand the overall environmental risk status of the company more clearly through such a dynamic list with rigorous fact checking and scientific evaluation model, and providing reference for listed companies to dynamically track the effectiveness of environmental investment and improve the level of green development.

In order to more reasonably reflect the environmental risk with listed companies as the main body of evaluation, the project team accurately verified and classified the equity relationship and equity types between listed companies and affiliated companies. According to the different types of rights and interests of listed companies to their subsidiaries, the list gives different conversion coefficients to calculate the impact of environmental risks of affiliated enterprises of listed companies on listed companies.

The list is based on the dynamic environmental credit evaluation system developed by the Public Environmental Research Center, and the data after further verification are assigned environmental risks; At the same time, according to the feedback, disclosure and disposal of environmental risk events by listed companies, listed companies and their subsidiaries can give timely feedback on environmental risk issues or continuously disclose environmental information, so as to repair environmental risks. The project team hopes to encourage listed companies to enhance information transparency and strengthen environmental risk disposal.

Note 1: See "List Rules" for the calculation method of environmental risk value.

Please click on the link or scan the QR code to view the detailed data query and visual interactive topic of A-share environmental risk list.

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