The old street is the condensation of the city figure. By the ancient canal, the old street is nourished by thousands of years of running water, and the buildings, streets and lanes are rich in canal characteristics. The traditional skills, customs and customs there also hide the memory of the canal city for thousands of years.

　　On January 10th, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism released a message, and after review, the list of the first batch of state-level tourist and leisure blocks was publicized.Of the 55 selected blocks, 9 are located in cities along the canal.The Qingming Bridge Historical and Cultural Block in Liangxi District of Wuxi City, Pingjiang Historical Block in gusu district City of Suzhou City and Yangliuqing Ancient Town Block in Xiqing District of Tianjin City are all old streets with a long history along the canal.

　　Qianmen Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing

　　Qianmen Street is a very famous commercial street in Beijing. Located in the central axis of Beijing, it starts from Moon Bay at Qianmen in the north, ends at Tianqiao intersection in the south, and is connected with Tianqiao South Street. It is full of the characteristics of the ancient capital and the cultural memory of the old Beijingers. In recent years, Qianmen Street has closely followed the new trend of the times, built a high-quality pedestrian street with Beijing flavor characteristics and modern vitality, created a "Jingweier cultural experiential consumption block", designed and developed the "Qianmen Night Tour Brand", held cultural tourism activities such as "Intangible Cultural Exhibition" and Hutong Light Show, and created an urban tourism and leisure block with distinctive cultural characteristics.

　　Pingjiang Historic Block, gusu district, Suzhou

　　"A Pingjiang Road, half of Suzhou City", it can be said that Pingjiang Road is the epitome of the ancient city of Suzhou. Pingjiang Historic District is about the same age as the Grand Canal in China, with a history of more than 2,500 years. It is the most complete and largest historical block in Suzhou so far. Historically, many literati lived here and left many stories, so there are rich historical sites and cultural landscapes. Today, there are still a large number of ancient buildings, ancient trees, ancient wells, etc. Many residents still retain a very traditional way of life in the water town. They want to experience the Jiangnan life of people with small bridges and flowing water and understand the characteristics of Jiangnan Watertown. It is right to come here.

　　Qingming Bridge Historical and Cultural Block, Liangxi District, Wuxi City

　　Can you not remember Jiangnan, and people will do their best to pillow the river. Wuxi, which is known as the "out-of-print place of the canal, a water alley in the south of the Yangtze River", is rich in canal remains. A famous bridge in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty has made countless people dream of it and become one of the important punching places in the journey. As the essence of the ancient canal in the south of the Yangtze River, the historical and cultural block of Qingming Bridge still retains many original ecological elements, where Bodu Port and the ancient canal meet, and there are many people in the canal. Antique bridges, alleys, authentic and simple customs, and ancient canal scenery have all become attractive points to attract tourists. Nowadays, the renovation project of Qingming Bridge historical and cultural block is progressing in an orderly manner, including building restoration and river bank improvement. In the future, visiting Qingming Bridge will bring visitors a new round of amazing experience.

　　Yangliuqing Ancient Town Block, Xiqing District, Tianjin

　　When you come to Tianjin, you must go to Yangliuqing Ancient Town. It has a long history and profound cultural heritage, integrating folk culture, canal culture and courtyard culture. Fengqing Street in Yangliuqing Ancient Town faces the imposing Wenchang Pavilion in the east, the Shijia Courtyard in the west, and the ancient South Canal in the south. Here, you can visit Shijia Courtyard, enjoy Yangliuqing New Year pictures, and take part in distinctive folk cultural activities, and buy antique Yangliuqing New Year pictures, kites and clay sculptures back home from traditional craftsmen.

　　洛阳市洛阳古城特色文化街区

　　最近，古城都洛阳频繁出圈，一系列和洛阳有关的文化节目和影视剧火爆网络。《唐宫夜宴》、《龙门金刚》、《洛神水赋》……让更多的人，产生了去洛阳古城看一看的想法。如今洛阳古城特色文化街区已形成旅游服务、传统商业、文创产业、生活居住四类功能区，来这里可以吃到当地小吃，可以打卡文创产品体验店，学习流传百年的手工艺，深入体会洛河之畔人家的生活。

　　杭州市上城区清河坊历史文化街区

　　清河坊历史街区是杭州悠久历史的缩影，起源于南宋，这里一度是商业繁华的“黄金地段”。如今的清河坊旧街区保存较完好，这里有众多杭州的百年老店，街区内有国家级文保单位胡庆余堂、钱塘第一井、唐朝天门、于谦故居、胡雪岩故居等景点。如今的清河坊，是“杭州人常来，外地人必到”之处。可以去逛一逛百年老店，欣赏古老建筑，可以在茶楼小馆品一品茶，或是尝尝各类糕点小吃，将杭州美食吃个够。

　　List of 9 national tourist and leisure blocks in cities along the canal

　　Qianmen Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing

　　Taikooli, Sanlitun, Chaoyang District, Beijing

　　Yangliuqing Ancient Town Block, Xiqing District, Tianjin

　　Qingming Bridge Historical and Cultural Block, Liangxi District, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province

　　Pingjiang Historic Block, gusu district, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province

　　Old Bund Block, Jiangbei District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province

　　Qinghefang Historical and Cultural Block, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province

　　Historical and Cultural Blocks of Luoyang Ancient City, the Old Town of Luoyang City, Henan Province

　　Dehua Pedestrian Street, Erqi District, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province

　　List of the first batch of national tourist and leisure blocks

　　1. Qianmen Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing

　　2. Taikooli, Sanlitun, Chaoyang District, Beijing

　　3. Yangliuqing Ancient Town Block, Xiqing District, Tianjin

　　4. Jinlong Tourism and Leisure Block, Shuangqiao District, Chengde City, Hebei Province

　　5. Peiren Historical and Cultural Street, lubei district, Tangshan City, Hebei Province

　　6. Leisure living block of Wenlv, Gucheng, Xinfu District, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province

　　7. Saishang Old Street Tourism and Leisure Block, Yuquan District, Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

　　8. Zhongjie Tourism and Leisure Block, Shenhe District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province

　　9. Baihua Tourism and Leisure Block of Changbai Mountain Management Committee of Jilin Province

　　10.黑龙江省哈尔滨市道里区中央大街步行街

　　11.上海市黄浦区思南公馆街区

　　12.上海市徐汇区武康路-安福路街区

　　13.江苏省南京市秦淮区夫子庙步行街

　　14.江苏省无锡市梁溪区清名桥历史文化街区

　　15.江苏省苏州市姑苏区平江历史街区

　　16.浙江省温州市鹿城区五马历史文化街区

　　17.浙江省宁波市江北区老外滩街区

　　18.浙江省杭州市上城区清河坊历史文化街区

　　19.安徽省合肥市包河区罍街

　　20.安徽省黄山市屯溪区黎阳映巷街区

　　21.福建省福州市鼓楼区三坊七巷历史文化街区

　　22.福建省福州市台江区上下杭历史文化街区

　　23.福建省晋江市五店市传统文化旅游区

　　24.江西省上饶市鄱阳县饶州古镇旅游休闲街区

　　25.江西省赣州市章贡区江南宋城旅游休闲街区

　　26.山东省济南市历下区百花洲历史文化街区

　　27.山东省淄博市周村区古商城历史文化街区

　　28.河南省洛阳市老城区洛阳古城历史文化街区

　　29.河南省郑州市二七区德化步行街

　　30.湖北省襄阳市襄城区襄阳北街

　　31.湖南省长沙市天心区太平街

　　32.湖南省常德市柳叶湖区河街

　　33.广东省潮州市湘桥区牌坊街

　　34. Yongqingfang, Liwan District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province

　　35. Historical and Cultural Blocks in Dongxi Lane, Xiufeng District, Guilin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

　　36. Historical and cultural blocks of old Nanning, Sanjie and Liangxiang, Xingning District, Nanning City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

　　37. Historical and Cultural Blocks of Qilou Building in Haikou City, Hainan Province

　　38. Dajiu Street Tourism and Leisure Block, Jiangbei District, Chongqing

　　39. Danzishi Old Street in Nan ‘an District, Chongqing

　　40. Ciqikou Block, Shapingba District, Chongqing

　　41. Wuhou Temple Jinli, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province

　　42. Kuanzhai Lane, Qingyang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province

　　43. Chunxi Road, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province

　　44. Cultural Pedestrian Street of Zhenyuan Ancient City, zhenyuan county, Qiandongnan Prefecture, Guizhou Province

　　45. Dayanhua Lane Tourism and Leisure Block, Gucheng District, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province

　　46. Theme Characteristic Block of Lin ‘an Ancient City, Jianshui County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province

　　47. Cijuelin Tibetan Courtyard Style Street, Lhasa City, Xizang Autonomous Region

　　48. Chamacheng Block, Changdu City, Xizang Autonomous Region

　　49. Qinba Old Street, Shiquan County, Ankang City, Shaanxi Province

　　50. Lane 13, Bafang, Linxia City, Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province

　　51. Tangdao 637 Leisure Travel Pedestrian Street, Chengxi District, Xining City, Qinghai Province

　　52. Huaiyuan Tourism and Leisure Block, Xixia District, Yinchuan City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

　　53. Dabazha Tourism and Leisure Block, Tianshan District, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

　　54. Liuxing Street Historical and Cultural Block, Yining City, Yili Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

　　55. Xingfu Road Pedestrian Street, Shihezi City, the eighth division of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

According to the website of the General Administration of Customs, in order to correctly determine the origin of import and export goods under the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Royal Government of Cambodia and promote economic and trade exchanges between China and Cambodia, the General Administration of Customs has formulated the Measures for the Administration of the Origin of Import and Export Goods under the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Royal Government of Cambodia of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Customs. It is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of January 1, 2022.

　　If the consignee of imported goods or his agent applies for enjoying the tax rate under the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Royal Government of Cambodia when the goods are imported, he shall go through the customs declaration formalities in accordance with the relevant provisions of Announcement No.34 of the General Administration of Customs in 2021. When filling in the column of "Preferential Trade Agreement Benefits" in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Customs Import (Export) Goods Declaration Form, the code "23" should be filled in the column of "Preferential Trade Agreement Code".

Measures of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Customs on the Administration of the Origin of Import and Export Goods under the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Royal Government of Cambodia

　　Article 1 In order to correctly determine the origin of import and export goods under the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Royal Government of Cambodia (hereinafter referred to as the China-Cambodia FTA) and promote economic and trade exchanges between China and Cambodia, these Measures are formulated in accordance with the Customs Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (hereinafter referred to as the Customs Law), the Regulations on the Origin of Import and Export Goods of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the China-Cambodia FTA.

　　Article 2 These Measures shall apply to the origin management of import and export goods under the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement between China and Cambodia.

　　Article 3 Goods that meet one of the following conditions are original goods under the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement (hereinafter referred to as original goods) and have the original qualification under the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement (hereinafter referred to as original qualification):

　　(a) completely obtained or produced in China or Cambodia;

　　(two) in China or Cambodia, the original materials that meet the requirements of these measures are completely used for production;

　　(3) Made of non-native materials in China or Cambodia;

　　1. Belonging to the scope of application of Annex 1 to these Measures, and conforming to the corresponding tariff classification changes, regional value components, manufacturing and processing procedures or other provisions;

　　2 does not belong to the scope of application of Annex 1 to these Measures, but meets one of the following conditions:

　　(1) The regional value component calculated by the formula listed in Article 7 of these Measures shall not be less than 40% of the FOB price of goods;

　　(2) Articles 25, 26, 28, 29 (except 29.01 and 29.02), 31 (except 31.05) and 39 (except 39.01, 39.02, 39.03, 39.07 and 39.08) of People’s Republic of China (PRC) Import and Export Tariff (hereinafter referred to as the Tariff). 49、57— 59、61、62、64、66— 71、73— 83、86、88、91— After the goods and non-original materials under Chapter 97 were manufactured or processed, the four-level tariff classification changed.

　　When the specific rules of origin of products under the China-Cambodia FTA listed in Annex 1 change, the General Administration of Customs will make a separate announcement.

　　Article 4 The goods "completely obtained or produced in China or Cambodia" as mentioned in Article 3 of these Measures refer to:

　　(1) Plants and plant products (including fruits, flowers, vegetables, trees, algae, fungi and living plants) planted, harvested, picked or collected in China or Cambodia;

　　(2) Live animals born and raised in China or Cambodia;

　　(3) Products obtained from live animals mentioned in Item (2) of this article in China or Cambodia without further processing, including milk, eggs, natural honey, hair, wool, semen and feces;

　　(4) Goods obtained by hunting, trapping, fishing, aquaculture, gathering or catching in China or Cambodia;

　　(5) Minerals and other natural resources extracted or obtained from the territory, territorial waters and seabed of China or Cambodia and not included in Items (1) to (4) of this article;

　　(6) Products extracted from waters, seabed or subsoil outside the territorial waters of China or Cambodia, which the Cambodian side has the right to develop;

　　(7) Fish and other marine products caught by ships registered in China or Cambodia and flying its national flag in waters outside the territorial waters of that country;

　　(8) Goods processed and manufactured entirely with the goods mentioned in Items (4) and (7) of this article on processing vessels registered in China or Cambodia and flying its national flag;

　　(9) Wastes and scraps produced in the process of manufacturing, processing or consumption in China or Cambodia and only applicable to the recycling of raw materials;

　　(10) Old goods that are consumed and collected in China or Cambodia and are only applicable to the recycling of raw materials;

　　(11) Goods produced entirely from the goods mentioned in Items (1) to (10) of this article in China or Cambodia.

　　Article 5 Goods that meet the requirements of Item 3 of Paragraph 1 of Article 3 of these Measures, if the non-original materials used in production are only processed or treated by one or more of the following in the Member, the goods still do not have the qualification of origin:

　　(1) Protective operations to ensure that the goods are kept in good condition during transportation or storage;

　　(2) Packaging or display for the transportation or sale of goods;

　　(3) Simple processing, including filtering, screening, selecting, sorting, sharpening, cutting, slitting, grinding, bending, winding or unfolding;

　　(4) Sticking or printing marks, labels, logos and other similar distinguishing marks on the goods or their packages;

　　(five) only diluted with water or other substances, without substantially changing the characteristics of the goods;

　　(6) Disassembling products into parts;

　　(7) Slaughtering animals;

　　(eight) simple painting and polishing;

　　(9) Simply peeling, coring or shelling;

　　(10) Simply mixing products, regardless of whether they are different kinds of products.

　　The "simplicity" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to the situation that no special skills are needed and no machinery, instruments or equipment are specially produced or assembled.

　　Article 6 Where materials originating in China or Cambodia are used in the production of another goods within the territory of the other party, the materials shall be regarded as the original materials of the other party.

　　Article 7 The "regional value component" specified in Item (3) of Paragraph 1 of Article 3 of these Measures shall be calculated according to the following formula:

　　Regional value component = FOB price – Non-original material price × 100%

　　free on board

　　Among them, "the price of non-original materials" refers to the import cost of non-original materials, the freight and insurance premium to the destination port or place determined in accordance with the WTO Valuation Agreement, including the price of materials of unknown origin. When the non-original materials are obtained in China or Cambodia, the paid or payable price of the non-original materials should be determined as early as possible in China or Cambodia according to the transaction price determined in the WTO Valuation Agreement, excluding the freight, insurance, packaging and any other expenses for transporting the non-original materials from the supplier’s warehouse to the manufacturer’s place.

　　When calculating the regional value composition of goods according to the first paragraph of this article, the price of non-original materials does not include the price of non-original materials used in the production process to produce original materials.

　　Article 8 For goods subject to the requirements of tariff classification change under the China-Cambodia FTA, if the non-original materials used in the production process do not meet the requirements of tariff classification change, but meet all other applicable provisions of these Measures and meet one of the following conditions, they shall be regarded as original goods:

　　(1) Article 50 of the Tariff & mdash; For the goods in Chapter 63, the weight of all non-original materials used in the production of the goods without the required tariff classification change shall not exceed 10% of the total weight of the goods, or the price determined in accordance with Article 7 of these Measures shall not exceed 10% of the FOB price of the goods;

　　(2) Article 50 of the Tariff & mdash; For goods outside Chapter 63, the price of all non-original materials used in the production of goods without the required tariff classification change determined in accordance with Article 7 of these Measures shall not exceed 10% of the FOB price of the goods.

　　Article 9 The packaging materials and containers used to protect goods during transportation shall not affect the determination of the origin of goods.

　　Where the origin of the goods is determined according to the requirements of regional value composition under the China-Cambodia FTA, and the packaging materials and containers for retail use are classified together with the goods, the prices of the packaging materials and containers for retail use shall be calculated according to the prices of the original materials or non-original materials included in their respective origins.

　　Where the change of tariff classification under China-Cambodia FTA requires the determination of the origin of goods, and the packaging materials and containers for retail use are classified together with the goods, the origin of the packaging materials and containers for retail use does not affect the determination of the origin of goods.

　　Article 10 When calculating the regional value component of goods subject to the requirements of China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement, if the accessories, spare parts or tools declared for import together with the goods are classified together with the goods in the Customs Tariff, and no separate invoice is issued, the prices of the accessories, spare parts or tools shall be calculated according to their respective countries of origin.

　　Where the change of tariff classification under the China-Cambodia FTA requires the determination of the origin of goods, if the accessories, spare parts or tools declared for import together with the goods are classified together with the goods in the Tariff and no separate invoice is issued, the origin of the accessories, spare parts or tools will not affect the determination of the origin of goods.

　　The quantity and price of accessories, spare parts and tools mentioned in the first and second paragraphs of this article shall be within a reasonable range.

　　Article 11 When determining whether the goods are goods of origin, the origin of the following neutral components shall not be considered:

　　(1) Fuel, energy, catalyst and solvent;

　　(2) Equipment, devices and articles used for testing or inspecting goods;

　　(3) Gloves, glasses, shoes and boots, clothes, safety equipment and articles;

　　(4) Tools, molds and moulds;

　　(five) spare parts and materials used to maintain equipment and buildings;

　　(6) Lubricants, oils (greases), synthetic materials and other materials used in production or for operating equipment and maintaining factory buildings;

　　(seven) other goods used in the production process of the goods but not constituting the components of the goods.

　　Article 12 When determining the origin of goods, interchangeable materials that are commercially interchangeable and have the same nature and cannot be distinguished by visual observation alone shall be distinguished by any of the following methods:

　　(1) Physical separation of materials;

　　(2) Inventory management methods recognized by generally accepted accounting standards of exporters. This inventory management method should be used continuously for at least one fiscal year.

　　Article 13 Goods of origin transported from the exporter to the importer shall retain their original qualification if they meet one of the following conditions:

　　(1) Not passing through other countries (regions);

　　(two) via other countries (regions), but at the same time meet the following conditions:

　　1. Goods passing through these countries or regions are only due to geographical reasons or transportation needs;

　　2. Not entering these countries or regions for trade or consumption;

　　3. When the goods pass through these countries or regions, the goods have not been treated in their territory except for loading and unloading, re-loading and unloading, or other treatments needed to keep the goods in good condition.

　　Article 14 The valid certificate of origin under the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement as stipulated in these Measures shall meet the following requirements:

　　(a) issued by an authorized institution in China or Cambodia;

　　(2) Having a unique certificate number;

　　(3) The basis for indicating that the goods have the qualification of origin;

　　(four) issued by the visa agency of the exporting member, with the authorized signature and seal of the visa agency;

　　(five) in accordance with the format listed in Annex 2 of these Measures, filled in English and signed and sealed by the exporter;

　　(six) the certificate of origin is valid for 12 months from the date of issuance.

　　The certificate of origin shall be issued before or at the time of shipment; If it cannot be issued before or at the time of shipment due to force majeure, it can be issued within 3 days after shipment.

　　Article 15 If it is impossible to apply for the issuance of the certificate of origin within the time limit stipulated in Article 14 of these Measures due to non-subjective intentional errors, negligence or other reasonable reasons, the visa agencies in China or Cambodia may reissue the certificate within 12 months from the date of shipment of the goods upon the application of the exporter. The reissued certificate of origin shall indicate the reissue.

　　Article 16 If the certificate of origin is stolen, lost or damaged, the exporter may apply in writing to the visa agency in China or Cambodia to issue a copy of the certificate of origin marked "CERTIFIED TRUE COPY" within the validity period of the original certificate.

　　A certified copy of the certificate of origin shall have the same number and date of issue as the original certificate of origin, and shall be regarded as the original certificate of origin.

　　Article 17 The certificate of origin shall not be altered or overprinted. If there is any change in the project, the exporter or manufacturer shall apply to the certificate of origin certification authority and provide the corresponding certification materials. The certification authority will modify the certificate of origin, affix the seal or correction seal of the certification authority to prove it, and cross out the blank parts.

　　Article 18 The agreed tax rate of China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement can be applied to imported goods with the qualification of origin.

　　Article 19 Where the consignee of imported goods or its agent applies for applying the tax rate under the China-Cambodia FTA for imported goods of origin, it shall declare in accordance with the relevant provisions of the General Administration of Customs and handle it with the following documents:

　　(1) A valid certificate of origin issued by the Cambodian visa agency (see Annex 2 for the format), except for the exemption from submitting the certificate of origin as stipulated in Article 20 of these Measures;

　　(2) Commercial invoice of the goods;

　　(three) the whole transport documents of the goods.

　　Where goods are transported to China through other countries or regions, documents issued by the customs of other countries or regions or other documents recognized by the customs shall be submitted.

　　If the transport documents mentioned in Item (3) of Paragraph 1 of this Article submitted by the consignee of imported goods or his agent can meet the relevant provisions on direct transport, it is not necessary to submit the supporting documents mentioned in Paragraph 2 of this Article.

　　Article 20 If the FOB price of the original goods imported in the same batch does not exceed US$ 200, the consignee of the imported goods or his agent may be exempted from submitting the certificate of origin when applying for the tax rate under the China-Cambodia FTA.

　　In order to avoid the provisions of these measures, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply to the declaration of imported goods.

　　Article 21 Unless otherwise stipulated by the General Administration of Customs, if the country of origin declares the imported goods as Cambodia, and the consignee or his agent fails to obtain a valid certificate of origin before the goods go through customs formalities, he shall make a supplementary declaration to the customs as to whether the imported goods are qualified for Cambodia (see Annex 3).

　　If the consignee of imported goods or his agent makes a supplementary declaration to the customs in accordance with the provisions of the first paragraph of this article that the imported goods have Cambodian origin qualification and provides tax guarantee, the customs shall go through the import formalities according to law, except that the guarantee is not allowed according to the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. Where a tax guarantee equivalent to the maximum amount of tax that the goods may bear has been submitted due to reasons such as early release, it shall be deemed to be in compliance with the provisions of this paragraph on providing tax guarantee.

　　Article 22 In order to determine the authenticity and accuracy of the certificate of origin, to determine the origin qualification of imported goods, or to determine whether the imported goods meet other requirements stipulated in these Measures, the customs may carry out origin verification in the following ways:

　　(1) Requiring the consignee of imported goods or their agents, the consignor of exported goods or their agents and manufacturers to provide information and materials related to the origin of goods and the issuance of certificates of origin;

　　(2) Require the relevant Cambodian authorities to verify the authenticity of the certificate of origin and the origin qualification of the goods, and provide relevant information of the exporter or manufacturer and the goods when necessary;

　　(3) Other procedures agreed by the customs of both parties.

　　When necessary, the customs may conduct on-the-spot verification on overseas exporters or producers with the consent of the relevant competent authorities in Cambodia, or conduct verification by other means agreed with the relevant competent authorities in Cambodia.

　　While waiting for the verification results, the customs may, at the application of the consignee of imported goods or his agent, handle the guarantee release according to law, except in cases where the guarantee release is not allowed according to the provisions of laws and administrative regulations.

　　Article 23 Under any of the following circumstances, the customs shall go through the formalities for returning the secured property and rights according to law:

　　(1) The consignee of imported goods or its agent has made supplementary declaration to the customs in accordance with the provisions of these Measures and submitted a valid certificate of origin under the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement;

　　(2) The results of customs verification are sufficient to confirm the qualification of origin of the goods.

　　Article 24 Under any of the following circumstances, the tariff rate agreed in the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement shall not apply to the imported goods:

　　(1) The consignee of imported goods or his agent fails to apply for the application of the tax rate under the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of these Measures, and fails to make supplementary declaration in accordance with the provisions of Article 21 of these Measures;

　　(two) the goods do not have the qualification of Cambodian origin;

　　(three) the certificate of origin does not conform to the provisions of these measures;

　　(four) the goods listed in the certificate of origin are inconsistent with the actual imported goods;

　　(5) Within 270 days from the date of submitting the request for origin verification, the customs has not received the verification feedback from the relevant Cambodian institutions, or the feedback results do not contain enough information to determine the authenticity of the certificate of origin or the true origin of the goods;

　　(six) the consignee of imported goods or his agent has other acts that do not comply with the relevant provisions of these measures.

　　Article 25 Shippers of export goods and their agents, domestic producers and their agents who have filed with the enterprises of origin (hereinafter referred to as applicants) may apply to Chinese visa agencies for issuing certificates of origin.

　　Article 26 The applicant shall apply for the issuance of a certificate of origin before the shipment of the goods, and at the same time submit materials to prove the qualification of the origin of the goods. The applicant shall be responsible for the authenticity, completeness and accuracy of the materials submitted.

　　Twenty-seventh visa agencies shall examine the materials submitted by the applicant, and issue certificates of origin if they meet the requirements of these measures; If it does not conform to the provisions of these measures, it shall decide not to issue a certificate of origin, notify the applicant in writing and explain the reasons.

　　When conducting audit, the visa agency may verify the origin qualification of the goods in the following ways:

　　(a) require the applicant to provide supplementary information and materials related to the qualification of the origin of the goods;

　　(2) On-the-spot verification of the production equipment, processing procedures, raw materials and spare parts of export goods, the country (region) of origin, and the instructions, packages, trademarks, marks and marks of origin of export goods;

　　(3) consulting and copying relevant contracts, invoices, account books and other relevant materials.

　　Article 28 At the request of the relevant competent authorities in Cambodia, the customs may verify the origin of export goods in the following ways:

　　(a) require the applicant to provide supplementary information and materials related to the qualification of the origin of the goods;

　　(2) On-the-spot verification of the production equipment, processing procedures, raw materials and spare parts of export goods, the country (region) of origin, and the instructions, packages, trademarks, marks and marks of origin of export goods;

　　(3) consulting and copying relevant contracts, invoices, account books and other relevant materials.

　　Article 29 When declaring export goods, the consignor of export goods and his agent shall fill in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Customs Declaration Form for Export Goods in accordance with the customs declaration provisions.

　　Article 30 If the goods originating in Cambodia are exhibited in China and sold to China during or after the exhibition, and the following conditions are met, the tax rate under the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement can be applied:

　　(1) The exporter has transported the products from Cambodia to China and exhibited them in China;

　　(2) After the goods were sent to the exhibition, they were not used for other purposes except for exhibition;

　　(3) The goods are under customs supervision during the exhibition.

　　When the above-mentioned exhibition goods are declared for import, the consignee or his agent shall submit the certificate of origin of the goods to the customs, indicating the name and address of the exhibition, and relevant documents proving that the goods conform to the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 13 of these Measures.

　　The above-mentioned goods exported to Cambodia can apply for a certificate of origin from the visa agency. If the above requirements are met, the tax rate under the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement can be applied in Cambodia.

　　Article 31 The consignor and manufacturer of export goods applying for the certificate of origin shall, within three years from the date of issuing the certificate of origin, keep the documents and records that can fully prove the qualification of the goods.

　　The consignee of imported goods subject to the tariff rate under the China-Cambodia Free Trade Agreement shall, within three years from the date of customs clearance of the goods, keep the documents and records that can fully prove the original qualification of the goods.

　　The issuing institution shall keep the application materials of the certificate of origin within 3 years from the date of issuance of the certificate of origin.

　　The above-mentioned documents and records can be saved in electronic or paper form.

　　Article 32 The meanings of the following terms in these Measures:

　　(1) "Aquaculture" refers to the cultivation of aquatic organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, other aquatic invertebrates and aquatic plants starting from embryos such as eggs, fry, fish worms and fish eggs. Intervene in the feeding or growth process by orderly raising, feeding or preventing predation by carnivores, so as to increase the yield;

　　(2) "Generally accepted accounting standards" refers to the accounting standards, agreed opinions or substantive authoritative support of one party in recording income, expenditure, cost, assets and liabilities, information disclosure and preparation of financial statements. The above guidelines include not only general guiding principles that are generally applicable, but also detailed standards, practices and procedures;

　　(3) "Material" refers to any substance used in the production of goods, which forms a part of another goods in physical form or goods used in the production process of another goods;

　　(4) "Original materials" or "original goods" refer to materials or goods that are qualified for origin according to the provisions of these Measures;

　　(5) "Production" refers to the method of obtaining goods, including planting, feeding, mining, harvesting, fishing, aquaculture, farming, trapping, hunting, capturing, collecting, breeding, extracting, manufacturing, producing, processing or assembling goods;

　　(6) The WTO Valuation Agreement refers to the Agreement on the Implementation of Article VII of the 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which is an integral part of the Marrakesh Agreement on the Establishment of the World Trade Organization;

　　(7) "Non-original goods" or "non-original materials" refer to goods or materials that do not have the qualification of origin according to the provisions of these Measures, and goods or materials with unknown origin;

　　(8) "Neutral component" refers to the goods that are used in the production of another goods and do not constitute the components of the goods themselves;

　　(9) "Visa Agency" refers to an agency designated or authorized by a member to issue certificates of origin and notified to another member in accordance with the provisions of the China-Cambodia FTA. Directly under the Customs, under the Customs, China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and its local branches are visa agencies in China;

　　(10) "Competent Authority" refers to one or more government agencies designated by the member and notified to another member in accordance with the provisions of the China-Cambodia FTA.

　　Article 33 The General Administration of Customs shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Measures.

　　Article 34 These Measures shall come into force as of January 1, 2022.

　　BEIJING, March 28th (Reporter Qiu Yu, Cheng Chunyu) China is the largest express delivery country in the world. In 2017, the express delivery business exceeded 40 billion pieces, and it is expected to grow at a rate of about 10 billion pieces every year. In the process of rapid development, the express delivery industry is faced with some problems such as nonstandard market operation order and unclear service rules.

　　Recently, China’s first administrative regulation specifically for the express delivery industry, the Provisional Regulations on Express Delivery (hereinafter referred to as the "Regulations"), came into effect on May 1, 2018. In view of the privacy protection of the sender and how to claim compensation after the lost express mail, it has been clearly stipulated.

　　real-name system (for a service)

　　— — Express delivery companies with false identity information may not accept and send them.

　　Express delivery to real-name registration system means that the sender needs to show his ID card and register personal information, which was officially implemented at the end of 2015.

　　The "Regulations" further clarify that enterprises engaged in express delivery business should check the identity of the sender and register identity information when receiving and sending express mail. If the sender refuses to provide identity information or provides false identity information, the enterprise engaged in express delivery business shall not accept and send it.

　　secret protection

　　— — The maximum fine for revealing the sender’s privacy is 100 thousand

　　Express delivery to real-name registration system has become one of the measures to ensure the safety of express parcels, but at the same time it has caused people’s concerns about privacy.

　　In this regard, the "Regulations" stipulate that no unit or individual may illegally inspect other people’s express mail except that the relevant departments inspect it according to law. No unit or individual may open, conceal, destroy or resell other people’s express mail without permission. Enterprises engaged in express delivery business and their employees shall not sell, disclose or illegally provide user information known in the process of express delivery service, and the maximum penalty is 100,000 yuan if the circumstances are serious.

　　"To fully implement real-name registration system, we must solve two problems." Liu Junhai, director of the Institute of Commercial Law of Renmin University of China, said that the first is to ensure the traceability of the sender’s information, and the second is to protect the privacy of consumers. If the consumer’s information is not fully protected, it will be difficult to promote it in real-name registration system.

　　Network stop

　　— — Suspend service, and properly handle undelivered express mail.

　　On holidays, due to the return of a large number of couriers, some courier companies will have the problem of network shutdown and backlog of express mail. How to ensure the quality and timeliness of express delivery service?

　　The "Regulations" pointed out that the state encourages enterprises engaged in express delivery business to provide users with normal express delivery services according to the actual situation of business volume changes during holidays.

　　At the same time, it is clear that if an enterprise operating express delivery business or its branches suspend express delivery service due to force majeure or other special reasons, it should report to the postal administration department in time, announce the reasons and time limit for suspension of service to the public, and properly handle undelivered express mail according to law.

　　Damage claim

　　— — You can ask the enterprise or service enterprise to which the express waybill belongs for compensation.

　　In the course of delivery, disputes caused by damage or loss of express mail often occur. In August 2017, China Consumers Association collected opinions on the "Provisional Regulations on Express Delivery (Draft for Comment)" and found that consumers are most concerned about the compensation for lost or damaged express delivery.

　　With regard to claims, the Regulations stipulate that if the legitimate rights and interests of users are damaged due to delay, loss, damage or shortage of internal parts, users may demand compensation from the enterprise to which the trademark, name or express waybill belongs, or from the enterprise that actually provides express service.

　　In addition, if the express mail is delayed, lost, damaged or the internal parts are short, the liability for compensation for the insured express mail shall be determined in accordance with the insured rules agreed between the express delivery enterprise and the sender; For uninsured express mail, the liability for compensation shall be determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of civil law. Encourage insurance companies to develop liability insurance for express loss, and encourage enterprises engaged in express delivery business to insure.

　　End dispatch

　　— — Encourage enterprises to share facilities and promote intelligent express cabinets.

　　The emergence of intelligent express cabinets allows office workers not to worry about no one receiving goods at home, and couriers can also avoid a trip in vain. The courier can put the express mail in the cabinet and notify the user by SMS, providing 24-hour self-service pick-up service.

　　The "Regulations" clearly encourage multiple enterprises engaged in express delivery business to share terminal service facilities and provide users with convenient express terminal services.

　　In addition, there are many high technologies in the express delivery industry, such as sorting robots, drones to deliver express delivery, and mobile phone software that can know the location and delivery time of couriers in real time.

　　The "Regulations" propose to encourage and guide enterprises engaged in express delivery business to adopt advanced technology, and promote the popularization and application of automated sorting equipment, mechanized loading and unloading equipment, intelligent terminal service facilities, express electronic waybills and express information management systems.

　　Express vehicle

　　— — Local authorities shall not prohibit the passage according to law.

　　It is difficult for express vehicles to pass, which is a concern of couriers. The "Regulations" clearly require that the right of express delivery service vehicles to pass and temporarily stop should be guaranteed according to law, and express delivery service vehicles should not be prohibited from passing according to law.

　　At present, electric tricycles, which are widely used in the express delivery industry, have become the first choice for couriers to deliver in the "last mile" because of their flexibility and large cargo capacity. However, disputes about the speed limit standard of electric tricycles have always existed.

　　The "Regulations" require that the management and use of express delivery service vehicles be standardized according to law, the speed and loading quality of special electric tricycles for express delivery should be stipulated, and the unified numbering and identification management of express delivery service vehicles should be strengthened.

　　Violation of traffic regulations

　　— — Cause damage to others and bear tort liability.

　　In reality, some express delivery companies ignore traffic safety, and delivery staff sometimes violate traffic rules and disrupt urban order.

　　The "Regulations" propose that express delivery practitioners should abide by the provisions of road traffic safety laws and regulations and drive vehicles safely and civilized in accordance with operational norms. If the courier practitioners cause damage to others due to the execution of their work tasks, the enterprises that operate the courier business to which the courier practitioners belong shall bear the tort liability in accordance with the relevant laws on civil tort liability.

　　On March 26, the Ministry of Public Security said that serious traffic violations such as running red lights, retrograde and occupying motor vehicle lanes should be strictly investigated; Those who are responsible for traffic accidents and have repeatedly violated the law seriously will be included in the record of dishonesty, and enterprises will be urged to implement the measures of repaying and forbidding entry.

　　Packaging pollution

　　— — Encourage the use of degradable and reusable materials.

　　While enjoying the convenience brought by express delivery, we should also consider "reducing the burden" on parcels and reducing pollution. At present, plastic tape and roller tape have a great impact on environmental protection.

　　The "Regulations" stipulate that the state encourages enterprises and senders engaged in express delivery business to use degradable and reusable environmental protection packaging materials, and encourages enterprises engaged in express delivery business to take measures to recycle express packaging materials to achieve reduced utilization and reuse of packaging materials.

　　Express delivery companies have begun to take action, some vigorously promote recyclable environmental protection cloth bags to replace the commonly used woven bags, and some companies have launched recyclable "shared express boxes".

　　Zhao Xiaomin, CEO of Chuanshuo Enterprise and an expert in express delivery, said that from the perspective of the logistics industry trend, it is worthy of recognition to promote green recycling packaging boxes, but it is difficult to change the current situation of using disposable packaging in a short period of time, and the joint efforts of industries and institutions are needed. (End)

　　CCTV News:(Reporter Zhang Qi) Dongchuan is a famous "Tiannan Copper Capital" in history. After thousands of years of exploitation and logging, the mountains in Dongchuan have basically become bare. When it comes to Dongchuan 20 years ago, people often associate it with barren land covered in mines, weeds everywhere, and mudslides that cross the river wantonly. "Walking on the top of the mountain with dragons and blowing horns at every ditch" was the truest portrayal of Dongchuan at that time.

Photo courtesy of Dongchuan District Forestry and Grassland Bureau

　　"We want a blue sky and green mountains, and we want the earth to awaken and the Qingshui River", which has become the aspiration of all Dongchuan people and the dream of Dongchuan people.

　　However, it is an arduous task to make the barren hills in Dongchuan green. The area of barren hills in Dongchuan is 606,000 mu, and there are more than 100,000 mu of barren hills in Xiaojiang dry-hot valley with a total length of more than 80 kilometers. Due to drought, lack of rain, large evaporation, poor soil layer and poor water conservation ability, the survival rate of newly planted trees is low, and many barren slopes are "afforestation without forest" every year.

　　Dongchuan forestry workers repeatedly tried to use different methods and tree species for experimental planting, boldly diverted water up the mountain to water seedlings, and explored the soil and water conservation technology of fish scale pit at the bottom of funnel. In recent years, Dongchuan has taken 7,000 acres of barren hills in Daduo Village of Tangdan Town as a demonstration base for drought-resistant afforestation in dry-hot valleys, mainly popularizing these two technologies and planting new Leucaena leucocephala which is drought-resistant and easy to survive, with remarkable results.

　　In order to plant trees and fill the ecological shortcomings, Dongchuan also spent a lot of money. Twenty years ago, the investment in afforestation per mu was only in 8 yuan, but now, the investment in 800 yuan per mu has increased by 100 times. The local finance in Dongchuan District will allocate 10 million yuan for ecological restoration every year, and at least 30,000 mu will be planted every year, so that the forest coverage rate in Dongchuan will increase by at least 1 percentage point every year.

　　Through the arduous efforts of Dongchuan District, the ecological restoration has achieved remarkable results. From 2012 to 2018, a total of 246,000 mu of barren hills were afforested, with an average annual afforestation of 37,000 mu, 204,000 mu of returning farmland to forests and 245,000 mu of walnut base construction. By the end of 2018, there were 1,603,700 mu of forest land in the whole region, and the forest coverage rate increased to 33.7%. It is estimated that the forest coverage rate will reach 38% by the end of 2019.

Photo courtesy of Dongchuan District Forestry and Grassland Bureau

　　Today, the bare peaks in Dongchuan District are long gone, and the trees on both sides of the road are dense, clean and tall. The mountains are green, the sky is blue, the water is blue, and the green mountains and green hills have also brought real Jinshan Yinshan to the people. The ecological dividend is benefiting the local people, and the villagers’ days are getting more and more prosperous.

　　Walking into Xindianfang Village, Tuobuka Town, Dongchuan, the small saplings all over the mountains attract attention, and the economic crops such as navel orange, soft-seeded pomegranate and pepper grow gratifying, which is a vivid exploration and practice of developing the under-forest economic model in Dongchuan at present. Combine returning farmland to forests, economic planting under forests and large-scale cooperatives to achieve the greatest combination of ecological benefits, social benefits and economic benefits.

Photo courtesy of Dongchuan District Propaganda Department

　　Now Xindianfang Village has planted 400 mu of soft-seeded pomegranate and 500 mu of navel orange. The first batch of 200 acres of navel oranges have all borne fruit, and the estimated economic income is more than 300,000 yuan. Next year, the soft-seeded pomegranate will bear fruit officially, and the estimated economic income is more than 200,000 yuan. The two industries have become the pillar industries of Xindian Fangcun, which have brought protection to the economic benefits of farmers in the later period.

　　"Now this blue sky is full of green hills, with clear rivers and fish as companions, and forests all over the mountains and rivers. Birds are singing freely in the forest, and cattle and sheep have found the grass mountain. We sow hope and weave a green shirt for our hometown … …” The green dream of Dongchuan people has come true.

China Net/China Development Portal Network News Environmental pollution has always been an important content of national economic development and the realization of reform and innovation goals. From the source of emissions, industrial pollutants are an important part of pollution emissions. At the same time, heavy pollution industry is the main source of industrial pollutant discharge, which has a huge negative externality to the ecological environment system. Therefore, it is very important to explore the eco-environmental effects of industrial agglomeration from the perspective of heavily polluting industries.

There is trans-regional migration of industry in space, which is essentially to seek the optimal production location. With the increase of production costs, enterprises seeking to maximize profits will constantly move to adapt to the more complex market environment. Industries that bring serious negative externalities to the ecological environment are more sensitive to environmental policies, and are more vulnerable to changes in environmental policies that lead to industrial transfer. Usually, economically developed countries or regions will transfer such industries to areas with relatively backward economic development through production, investment and trade. Strictly speaking, the transfer of polluting industries comes from both international and domestic regions. The existing evidence shows that some polluting industries in China are transferring to the central and western regions. The industrial undertaking places have to bear the negative externalities of environmental pollution caused by industrial transfer while undertaking heavily polluting industries, so the spatial agglomeration of heavily polluting industries will reshape the spatial layout of industrial pollutants and become an important factor affecting regional environmental policies. Because the inter-regional flow of heavily polluting industries is an important reason that affects the regional pollutant discharge, it is very important to understand the influencing factors and driving mechanisms of the transfer of heavily polluting industries for correctly understanding the international or domestic industrial transfer that has taken place, adjusting the ecological environment protection policies of various regions (especially the central and western regions), and realizing the vision of a beautiful China with sustainable development.

At present, the analysis of environmental pollution effect brought by industrial transfer is relatively mature in academic circles, and the focus of discussion is on the hypothesis of "pollution refuge" and the empirical analysis of environmental Kuznets curve. Among them, foreign research mainly focuses on the national and industrial analysis scales, while domestic research mainly focuses on the provincial and municipal scales, and the industrial level research needs to be further improved. On the whole, the research on the agglomeration of pollution-intensive enterprises and its environmental effects has achieved rich results, but it is still very important to identify the agglomeration of heavily polluted industries and its environmental effects from a macro perspective, which is of great significance to analyze the agglomeration and transfer of industries from a macro scale, the preference of enterprises for migration and the environmental pollution of industrial undertaking areas from a micro scale. Therefore, under the background of constrained resource development, tightening environmental protection policies and slowing economic growth, it is of great significance to scientifically plan the transfer trend of heavily polluted industries and clarify the spatial agglomeration characteristics of heavily polluted industries to adjust the layout of major productive forces, comprehensively divide the main functional areas of each region, improve the ecosystem value of each region, efficiently deploy strategically around the overall national goal, and realize high-quality development of the whole region. This study focuses on three points: ① identifying the spatial distribution and agglomeration characteristics of heavily polluted industries in China in the past 20 years; (2) analyze the main factors that promote the agglomeration of heavily polluted industries, and whether the production cost (factor endowment), environmental regulation and foreign direct investment have promoted the agglomeration of heavily polluted industries in the central and western regions; ③ Analysis in the process of transferring heavily polluting industries,The transfer of pollutant discharge and whether the environmental pollution problems derived from the transfer of heavily polluting industries in the future are likely to continue to deteriorate.

Heavy pollution industry and its environmental effect analysis data set

Heavy pollution industry data set

This study collected the industrial economic data of China from 1999 to 2021, and the data came from the Statistical Yearbook of Industrial Economy of China. The types of industries involved in industrial economic data are detailed in Schedule 1 and Schedule 2. Among them, the extractive industry in 2004, the production and supply of electricity, heat, gas and water, and the lack of industrial economic data in 2017 are supplemented by the method of average filling.

At present, there is no strict and clear definition of heavy pollution industry, but most scholars mainly follow the environmental protection certification standards issued by government departments. The Guide to Environmental Information Disclosure of Listed Companies published by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment shows that heavily polluting industries mainly involve thermal power, steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum, coal, metallurgy, chemicals, petrochemicals, building materials, paper making, brewing, pharmaceuticals, fermentation, textiles, tanning and mining. In this study, the situation of heavily polluting industries in the industrial industry is defined with reference to the Catalogue of Classified Management of Environmental Verification Industries of Listed Companies (Huanban Letter [2008] No.373) issued by the former Ministry of Environmental Protection (Attached Tables 1 and 2).

Environmental pollution data set

Heavy pollution discharge is divided into waste water, waste gas and industrial solid waste according to pollution sources. Considering the consistency and consistency of data, some data in this study are used as substitute variables for robustness test to enhance the reliability of empirical results. Among them, the data of wastewater, waste gas and solid waste come from China Statistical Yearbook and China Environmental Statistical Yearbook; The data of environmental regulation, economic development level, market share, industrial structure and factor cost come from China Statistical Yearbook. The data of technological innovation (mainly focusing on R&D expenditure) comes from the Statistical Bulletin of National Science and Technology Expenditure published by the National Bureau of Statistics. The description and descriptive statistical results of the data are detailed in Schedule 3.

Measurement and empirical analysis of heavily polluting enterprises in China

Agglomeration characteristics of heavily polluting industries

By depicting the spatial distribution of the gross output value of heavily polluted industries in China in 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2021 (Figure 1), it is found that the heavily polluted industries in China obviously spread from east to west and from coastal to inland. On the whole, the spatial hierarchical structure is obvious, and there are peak-shifting characteristics in coastal provinces, central regions and northwest inland areas. Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong have always been the gathering highlands of heavily polluting industries, while the heavily polluting enterprises in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Sichuan have obvious development momentum and are potential new gathering areas of heavily polluting industries in the future.

From the spatial distribution map of heavily polluted industries in China from 1999 to 2021, we can see the development, transfer and diffusion trend of heavily polluted industries in the past 20 years. In 1999, the output value of heavily polluting industries in coastal provinces was significantly higher than that in other regions; Until 2007, Shandong, Jiangsu and Guangdong became areas with obvious concentration of heavily polluting industries. Since then, heavily polluting enterprises have gradually spread to Zhejiang, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan and other places. Around 2011, Sichuan and Inner Mongolia became the gathering highlands of heavy pollution industries in inland areas, and at the same time, heavy pollution industries further spread to Shanxi, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and other central regions. After 2015, Shaanxi, Gansu, Chongqing, Guizhou and Yunnan have become the undertaking places and potential development areas for the transfer of heavily polluting industries. By the end of 2021, the heavily polluting industries in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia have grown rapidly, and the output value of heavily polluting industries in Sichuan, Shanxi, Hubei and Anhui has been increasing. On the whole, the development of heavy pollution industry in Northeast China is relatively backward, which is related to the development history and related policies in Northeast China to some extent.

Influencing factors and mechanism of heavy pollution industry agglomeration in China

　influencing factor

This study holds that the agglomeration of heavily polluting industries is the result of industrial transfer and industrialization. The transfer of heavily polluting industries in China is essentially a change in the location choice of heavily polluting industries in China, and enterprises need to consider factor costs and regional acceptance policies. Due to the influence of heavily polluting industries on environmental pollution, local environmental policies usually need to be considered in the location selection of enterprises. The "pollution refuge" hypothesis holds that pollution-intensive industries tend to move to countries or regions with relatively low environmental access standards (environmental regulations). This hypothesis also has limitations, such as freedom of trade, law of one price, and differences in environmental regulations among countries or regions. Although there are trade barriers and transportation costs in reality, the (no) risk arbitrage mechanism between countries or regions makes the actual price level basically conform to the law of one price principle. When the product price is clear, the production cost (factor endowment) will affect the production location of the industry, and then affect the direction and region of industrial transfer; When other conditions are basically the same, areas with lower environmental access standards (environmental regulations) will become the main destinations for the transfer of polluting industries.

Therefore, this study focuses on the influence of production cost (factor endowment), environmental regulation and foreign direct investment on heavily polluted industrial agglomeration, taking them as the core explanatory variables of the model, and taking economic development level, market share, industrial structure and technological innovation as control variables. In order to verify whether the environmental Kuznets curve is established at the provincial level, the square term of economic development level is introduced to test.

　Agglomeration mechanism

Production cost (factor endowment) factor. On the whole, it has the strongest influence on the agglomeration of heavily polluting industries among the core explanatory variables. Mining, smelting and processing industries of mineral resources such as coal, oil, metal and nonmetal account for a relatively large proportion in heavily polluted industries, and the resource-intensive orientation of such heavily polluted industries is obvious. Compensatory wages make the wage level of such heavily polluted industries higher, which may lead to a certain synchronization between high labor costs and heavily polluted industries. At the same time, although the preferred areas for heavily polluting industries have the advantages of intensive labor force and low production cost, heavily polluting enterprises will also comprehensively consider the economic development level, transportation infrastructure construction and supporting policies in the areas where they move. Only when the above conditions reach a certain level, the wage level will get more consideration, so the wage level of some moving areas does not have too much advantage in the alternative moving areas of heavily polluting industries.

Environmental regulatory factors. It is not significant when the individual effect is fixed, but it is positively related to industrial agglomeration when the time effect is fixed. The "pollution refuge" effect at the provincial scale is not significant on the long-term scale, which means it is difficult to support the "pollution refuge" hypothesis. With the increasing emphasis of local governments on ecological environmental protection and environmental protection, the differences of environmental policies among regions have gradually decreased, and the transfer strategy of heavily polluting industries seeking lower environmental regulations has gradually failed.

Factors of foreign direct investment. Its impact on the agglomeration of heavily polluting industries is not significant, which shows that the transfer of heavily polluting industries mainly occurs at the provincial level, and the scale of heavily polluting industries at the international level is small.

Economic development level, market share and industrial structure factors. It has a very significant effect on the agglomeration of heavily polluted industries. This is basically consistent with the traditional mainstream views of industrial location theory, industry and regional economy.

Technological innovation factors. It is only significant when the time is fixed. It shows that there is a positive correlation between long-term technology investment and R&D and heavy pollution industrial agglomeration, which is inseparable from potential industrial transformation and industrial upgrading. At the same time, it also reflects the shift of technology investment in heavily polluting industries, which may be closely related to the upgrading of mining technology, industrial chain and even environmental protection investment in resource-based areas.

Environmental effects of heavily polluting industrial agglomeration

The influence of heavy pollution industrial agglomeration on local environmental pollution, that is, whether heavy pollution industrial agglomeration causes significant environmental pollution in the moving area.

　Core variable

This study focuses on the influence of two core variables, the agglomeration of heavily polluting industries and environmental regulation, on environmental pollution.

Heavy polluting industries have significantly increased the emission of environmental pollutants. There is a nonlinear relationship between heavily polluting industries and environmental pollution, in which the agglomeration of heavily polluting industries has an "inverted U" relationship with the total amount of industrial waste gas and the amount of industrial solid waste, and the pollutant emissions show a trend of rising first and then falling with the agglomeration of heavily polluting industries.

Environmental regulation has not yet played a role in reducing pollutant emissions at the provincial level. There is a significant positive correlation between environmental regulation and the total discharge of industrial wastewater, industrial waste gas and industrial solid waste. In the future, it is still necessary to continue to deepen the concept of environmental protection policy and ecological governance, and improve the intensity of environmental protection and environmental regulation.

　Other factors

Technological innovation. It has played a role in reducing pollutant emissions. By adopting cleaner, more efficient and more sustainable emission reduction and pollution reduction technology, the total discharge of industrial wastewater and the total production of industrial solid waste in heavily polluted industries can be effectively reduced.

Foreign direct investment. It is only significant to reduce the output of industrial solid waste in heavily polluted industries. It shows that foreign-funded enterprises may bring more environmental protection concepts and advanced technologies to the industries that discharge solid waste.

The level of regional economic development. There is a significant positive correlation with pollutant emissions. With the increase of per capita gross domestic product (GDP), pollutant emissions will gradually increase, which is basically consistent with the theory of environmental economics.

Market share (specifically the total GDP). There is a negative correlation with pollutant discharge (except industrial wastewater discharge). This is because the market share is related to the economic structure, and the development level of service industry is higher and the proportion of tertiary industry is larger in areas with higher GDP, which is also confirmed by the correlation between the results and the coefficients of industrial structure variables.

Industrial structure. There is a significant positive correlation with pollutant emissions. Pollutant discharge is usually related to industrial activities. The higher the output value of the secondary industry, the more pollutants will be discharged, so the industrial structure variable (the output value of the secondary industry) is significantly positively correlated with pollutant discharge.

Main conclusions

This study systematically combs the agglomeration and spatial distribution of heavily polluted industries in China in the past 20 years, analyzes the influencing factors and agglomeration mechanism of heavily polluted industries through the panel data fixed effect model, and studies the environmental effects of heavily polluted industries agglomeration, and draws the following four main conclusions.

The agglomeration characteristics of heavily polluted industries are consistent with the overall trend of international and domestic industrial transfer, and there is an obvious diffusion trend from east to west and from coastal to inland. Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong are the areas with high concentration of heavily polluted industries in China in the past 20 years, while Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Sichuan are the potential areas for the future concentration of heavily polluted industries.

The results of fixed effect model show that factor endowment, environmental regulation, economic development level, market share and industrial structure are the key factors affecting the development of heavily polluted industries. Among them, the production cost (factor endowment) is positively related to the development of heavily polluted industries. It is difficult to find the relevant evidence to support the "pollution shelter" hypothesis on the provincial scale. However, the technological innovation that only has a significant impact on the development of heavily polluted industries in a long time scale may reveal the shift of potential technology investment, which promotes the industrial upgrading and transformation of heavily polluted industries in China.

The test of labor cost and regional robustness reveals the driving mechanism and regional heterogeneity of the development of heavily polluted industries in China. The nonlinear relationship test of production cost (factor endowment) shows that there is an "inverted U" relationship between labor cost and the development of heavily polluted industries in China. Influenced by industrial types and compensatory wages, the development of heavily polluting industries in China has increased the labor cost in the areas where they moved in, but the excessive labor cost has promoted the further transfer of heavily polluting industries. Regional heterogeneity reveals the gradient characteristics of heavy pollution industry transfer in China, that is, the eastern part of China is the main position to undertake international heavy pollution industry, and the international heavy pollution industry seeks areas with lower labor costs, which leads to the eastern part becoming a "pollution refuge" for international heavy pollution industry transfer. It is more obvious that the heavily polluting industries in the central region seek low labor costs and resource-rich areas. The "inverted U" relationship between the labor cost and the development of heavily polluting industries in the western region is remarkable. The heavily polluting industries in Northeast China are more affected by their own industrial base and international industrial transfer, and grow slowly.

The environmental effect of heavy pollution industry agglomeration is remarkable, which significantly increases the emissions of industrial wastewater, waste gas and solid waste, and increases the emissions of pollutants. Although there is an obvious nonlinear relationship between the agglomeration of heavily polluting industries and environmental pollution ("inverted U" relationship, that is, the emission of environmental pollutants and the agglomeration of heavily polluting industries rise first and then fall), the results of this study cannot support the conclusion that environmental regulation can reduce the emission of pollutants. More importantly, the environmental Kuznets curve on the provincial scale in China is not established, and many provinces have not reached the inflection point of environmental pollution at present.

Research enlightenment

From an empirical point of view, this study analyzes the influencing factors and environmental effects of heavy pollution industry agglomeration, and the enlightenment to China’s adjustment of heavy pollution industry layout and introduction of environmental regulation and protection policies is as follows.

Spatial concentration of economic activities is conducive to reducing environmental pollution emissions. In order to improve the spatial concentration of heavily polluting industries and reduce the pollution to the ecological environment, local governments should conform to the trend of the development of heavily polluting industries, reserve planned industrial cluster parks and support corresponding infrastructure, and centrally arrange heavily polluting industrial clusters.

When guiding and undertaking the development of heavily polluting industries, governments in different regions should formulate different policy orientations. ① Eastern region. We should pay attention to unified planning at regional scale, raise the threshold of environmental policy at the same time, strengthen the regional control of pollutant discharge from heavily polluting industries, reduce the "pollution refuge" effect, promote the orderly reduction of pollution discharge in the whole eastern region, and take the lead in building a model area of beautiful China. ② Central and western regions. We should give full play to our own characteristics and advantages, make full use of low-cost advantages, scientifically introduce relevant heavily polluting industries when our own resources and environment carrying capacity allow, build high-quality heavily polluting industrial clusters, guide the rational layout of heavily polluting industries, and promote the transformation and technological upgrading of heavily polluting industries after moving in; At the same time, improve the supervision and management mechanism of heavily polluting industries before, during and after the event as soon as possible, and avoid taking the old road of "pollution first and then treatment". ③ Northeast China. It is necessary to strengthen the transformation and upgrading of heavily polluting industries, enhance the competitiveness of industries, fully tap and give play to the advantages of existing industrial bases, and realize regional revitalization through industrial upgrading and transformation.

Pay attention to the ecological environment protection in ecologically fragile areas, do a good job in policy avoidance programs, and reduce the ecological environment pressure of the development of heavily polluting industries. The government should pay attention to the more serious environmental pollution problems arising from the transfer of heavily polluting industries to ecologically fragile areas such as Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia, and local governments need to adopt more forward-looking macro-control policies to deal with potential environmental pollution risks. In a word, all regions should adopt targeted industrial guidance and pollution response strategies according to local conditions, reduce the degree of environmental pollution while developing industries and revitalizing the economy as much as possible, and make joint efforts to build a beautiful China.

(author:Chen Hongyang, Yu Jianhui and Zhang Wenzhong, Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Analysis and Simulation of China Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Resources and Environment, University;Contributed by Journal of China Academy of Sciences)

　　Xinhua News Agency, Wuhan, December 1st　Title: A tree, a grass, a steelyard — — In memory of Shen Yinluo, former chairman of Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference (I)

　　Xinhua News Agency reporter Tan Yuanbin

　　On February 20th this year, Shen Yinluo, former chairman of Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference, died in Wuhan due to illness at the age of 96. From setting foot on the battlefield of anti-Japanese national salvation, to leading WISCO to create brilliance, and then to taking the leadership position in Hubei Province, I was unwilling to publicize my Shen Yinluo all my life, but after my death, it caused strong repercussions in Jingchu.

　　"He doesn’t care about his family, but only knows how to work." Shen Yinluo’s widow Cao Junmin said. In the living room of Shenyang, there are two bottles of earth under the portrait of Shen Yinluo, which were brought back by Shen Yinluo’s niece from Yan ‘an, Shaanxi and Wuxian, Jiangsu. One bottle is "holy earth" and the other is "native land".

　　Red gene, green heritage. Shen Yinluo struggled for the cause of the party and the people all his life, and was deeply cherished and commemorated by the broad masses of cadres and people, leaving a valuable spiritual wealth. Hubei Provincial Party Committee is carrying out learning activities from Shen Yinluo among cadres in party member.

　　He is like a tree, "insisting that the green hills will not relax."

　　In 1937, 17-year-old Shen Yinluo left his hometown and set foot on the battlefield of resisting Japan and saving the nation. He arrived in Yan ‘an in 1938 and joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the same year. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he participated in the "Hundred Regiments War"; During the War of Liberation, he participated in the "Central Plains Breakthrough".

　　After the founding of New China, Shen Yinluo successively held leadership positions in the 41st Army of the People’s Liberation Army and Wuhan Iron and Steel Company, and later held important leadership positions in Hubei Provincial Committee and Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference.

　　From March 1961 to October 1982, Shen Yinluo worked in WISCO for 21 years and 7 months, and served as deputy manager and manager, deputy director and director of the company’s revolutionary Committee, second secretary and manager of the company’s party Committee, and first secretary of the party Committee. When I first arrived in WISCO, it coincided with three years of natural disasters. The Soviet Union terminated aid construction and withdrew experts, and a large number of projects in WISCO stopped construction and production. Shen Yinluo was ordered by the crisis to bring the army’s good tradition and style into WISCO and lead WISCO on the right track.

　　Cao Junmin still remembers that during the Cultural Revolution, although Shen Yinluo was repeatedly hit, he never complained in front of his family. At that time, he put forward a slogan: "WISCO can’t be chaotic, the stove can’t be turned off, and production can’t stop."

　　It is Shen Yinluo’s greatest contribution to WISCO to implement the central government’s decision to deploy and introduce a 1.7-meter rolling mill. Previously, the quality of steel produced in China was not high, which was called "noodles" and "belts". High-end products such as strip steel, sheet steel and silicon steel are totally dependent on imports, which not only costs a lot of foreign exchange, but also is blocked by developed countries.

　　As the general representative of Chinese technical negotiation, Shen Yinluo spared no effort to overcome all difficulties and won the contract. Subsequently, as the main leader of the engineering headquarters, he led a hundred thousand construction troops to participate in the battle.

　　At the end of 1981, the 1.7-meter rolling mill project passed the national acceptance and was officially put into production. It has changed the structure of steel products in China and become a model for China to introduce and digest international advanced technology.

　　During his tenure as an important leader of the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference, Shen Yinluo was strict with himself and worked hard for the cause of the party and the people. After retiring, Shen Yinluo always cares about the development of Hubei, actively exerts the waste heat, and makes suggestions. The day before his death, his eyesight was severely impaired, and he asked his secretary to read him the new Central Document No.1.

　　It is the lofty ideals and beliefs of communist party people that support Shen Yinluo. "In Shen Lao, we have seen the political quality of a party member cadre with firm belief and infinite loyalty to the party." Liu Yanhong, deputy director of the Organization Department of Hubei Provincial Party Committee and director of the Bureau of Retired Veteran Cadres, said.

　　He is like a grass, rooted in the soil of the people.

　　"Come on, Yin Shi, I’ll give you some rice!" For more than 40 years, Chen Yinshi, an associate professor at the Party School of Wuhan Iron and Steel Company, still remembers this call. That year, as an ordinary young worker, he had a meeting with a group of WISCO personnel such as Shen Yinluo in Beijing. At lunch, everyone crowded around a big round table for dinner, with Chen Yinshi sitting in the corner and Shen Yinluo sitting opposite him. "I was just about to get up and add rice. Manager Shen stood up and naturally reached for the bowl."

　　Keeping close contact with the masses, Shen Yinluo persisted all his life. Wang Guolian, a retired cadre of WISCO, said that Shen Lao’s memory is very good. He can remember the names of great families after one or two contacts, and the workers are willing to tell him anything.

　　A bicycle, a yellow military satchel, a notebook and a pen, Shen Yinluo’s footprints are all over Shili Steel City and Baili Mine of WISCO. He ate, lived and worked with the workers for several months, jumping into slag pits, moving ore, eating cold meals, and working hard and dirty.

　　When he goes to factories and mines to check production, he always goes to the canteen to have a look, telling the logistics staff to arrange the food, saying, "There is steel in the food, and the workers can only concentrate on refining steel when they are full."

　　After retiring, he went deep into grassroots research, including running in the countryside for 102 days in 2002, reaching the junction of Hubei and Shaanxi as far as possible.

　　Putting the masses in a prominent position, Shen Yinluo is consistent. Last year, Shen Yinluo, as a veteran of the Anti-Japanese War, won the medal for the 70th anniversary of the victory of China people’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and a 5000-yuan solatium. He immediately entrusted the Bureau of Retired Veteran Cadres of Hubei Provincial Party Committee to transfer solatium to the needy people in the old revolutionary base areas. In the end, the solatium was divided into two parts, which were sent to Min Xinzhou and Zhao Zhiliang, martyrs of the Red Army in Hong ‘an County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province.

　　"He left before he met the benefactor!" Min Xinzhou said. Min Xinzhou fell from the sky last year, and his spine was injured, so he couldn’t work. His lover suffered from mental illness and couldn’t take care of himself. "Shen Lao’s financial assistance is to help us tide over the difficulties."

　　When the staff of the Bureau of Retired Veteran Cadres of Hubei Provincial Party Committee helped to sort out Shen Yinluo’s relics, they found 106 donation receipts in an envelope, many of which were donated in the name of Cao Junmin, with a total amount of more than 140,000 yuan, but the donations without receipts were unknown.

　　"Shen Lao always has the masses in his heart." Wang Shengtie, former chairman of the Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference, who was in charge of agricultural work in the province, said that seeing good experiences in newspapers and periodicals involved the interests of farmers. Mr. Shen wrote them in strokes and sent them to him by letter. "I have worked in the provincial government, provincial party Committee and provincial political consultative conference for 11 years, and I received a publication sent by Shen Lao at least once a month on average."

　　He is like a steelyard, and he has a good style of seeking truth and being pragmatic.

　　"On September 5, at 6: 40 in the morning, I visited the vegetable wholesale and retail markets and found that the price difference between wholesale and retail was 50% to 100%. The wholesale price of Chinese cabbage is 0.20 yuan/kg and the retail price is 0.40 yuan/kg; Chili pepper wholesale 0.80 yuan/kg, retail after classification 1.6 yuan/kg; The retail price of eggplant is 1.50 yuan/kg. Exotic vegetables come from Henan. " This is a note on people’s feelings written by Shen Yinluo in 1996, when he retired.

　　Touching the truth, telling the truth, making practical moves and seeking practical results, Shen Yinluo opposes formalism and emphasizes seeking truth and being pragmatic. Chen Ming, his last secretary, said that Shen Lao was most disgusted with cadres who spoke Mandarin but failed to take practical actions.

　　At the end of the 20th century, Hubei Province once took over the farm management right, which triggered a series of problems such as farmers’ petition, and the farm directors, local leaders and ordinary people were very anxious. At that time, Shen Yinluo, who was over 80 years old, conducted research on this and spent more than 120 days traveling to all provincial state-owned farms in the province.

　　After the investigation, he wrote a report to the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government. After in-depth study, the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government re-delegated the farm management right and mobilized the local enthusiasm.

　　"Shen Lao knows all about some major construction at the grassroots level, the planning in the province, the strategic layout of the country, and the resource characteristics of various cities and States. Even the places he visited decades ago are clear to him." Chen Ming said.

　　Shen Yinluo gave suggestions to the Hubei Provincial Party Committee and the provincial government. If you are not sure, you will definitely consult relevant experts and cadres first to find out the situation. Every time he goes out for research, he takes notes carefully.

　　"He is such a person who is strict with himself with the standards of Communist party member everywhere." Cao Junmin said.

　　[Domestic spy photos] A few days ago, we obtained the brand-new declaration information from Lifan, and the car was internally code-named "CY02C" or positioned in a car. According to the rear picture, the new car may be named "Lifan Pengfei".

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　　　Friendly reminder:I hope enthusiastic netizens can take photos of your new car spy photos and send them to our corresponding mailbox: diezhao@autohome.com.cn. I look forward to hearing from you and becoming a member of the "spy".

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　　According to the declaration, the appearance of the new car adopts Lifan’s latest family-style design language, and the hexagonal large mouth air intake grille and open-corner headlight group on the front face are both popular designs. At the same time, the lower bumper is tough, the fog lights on both sides are simple in design, and the overall front face style is very attractive. From the side, the B, C and D columns of the new car are blackened to create the visual effect of the suspended roof. The rear design of the car body is simple, and the silver anti-scratch guard under the bumper is surrounded by the black bottom around the car body, which makes the car look as wild as an SUV.

　　The body size of the new car is 4390/1820/1715mm, which is 2610mm, and the size is close to the entry compact SUV. According to different vehicle configurations, the new car will be equipped with tires with specifications of 215/60 R17 and 225/55 R18, and a variety of rim shapes will be available. In addition, the new car will also be equipped with skylights, etc.

　　In terms of power, Lifan Pengfei will be equipped with a 2.0L naturally aspirated model LF483Q with a maximum of 141 horsepower (104kW). According to the spy photos previously exposed, the new car transmission system will be manual and optional. (Text/car home zhang xiaodan)

　　　 1905 movie network news On the evening of June 7th, on the Super Speaker program, Le Jia, the tutor, got drunk at the scene of the program. As a result, he got drunk out of control, and his mouth was full of swearing. Three hours after the incident, Le Jia sent Weibo a response: "A clear conscience is much more important than becoming a successful person." But the Weibo was deleted by Le Jia. On the morning of June 9th, Cui Wanzhi, a disciple of Le Jia, posted a long microblog, saying that Le Jia was drinking this time to give himself a strong drink, and wrote affectionately, "Meeting Master Le is a blessing for my life".

Le Jia disciple Cui Wanzhi sent Weibo the original text is as follows:

　　　 Last night (June 8th), I saw many netizens saying that Master Le was drunk, and even said that he was hyping himself. I felt very surprised, shocked and very sad. I knew that Master had put himself under great pressure and grievances for me, and I thought I could no longer remain silent.

　　　 Anyone who is familiar with the musician knows that speaking is something he loves and devoted his life to. He loves everyone in our Nirvana team. Every time I give a speech, he teaches me by hand and inspires me word by word. In the face of my game, he pays more behind the scenes than I do. I know in my heart that he always hoped that he could fulfill his promise to the man I made in the audition.

　　　 Master Yue believes that the quality of a speech mainly depends on how many people can be touched and how far the influence is. He doesn’t want me to just win sympathy points on the speaker stage, but to speak with real strength. His passion on the stage, I think, is that he has been worried that disabled people will suffer on this stage. He really hopes that I can go to the end, but I can go to today, in fact, I am very satisfied.

　　　 Yesterday’s first speech, my state was not very good. Before the last lecture, in order to let me completely lay down my burden and stimulate my fighting spirit and potential, Mr. Le did not hesitate to be strong with wine. He asked me to drink half a glass of wine and said to me, Wan Zhi, I hope you will devote yourself to this lecture, forget your achievements, and pass on the sentence "Being a good person is much more important than being a successful person" to all people, so that your son will be proud of having a father like you in the future. He is totally trying to inspire my potential in this way, so that I can play better in the final. When Master Le encouraged me and canvassed for me, he was a little emotional when he spoke. Everyone who studied with him knows very well that I appreciate his painstaking efforts, but this may make some unfamiliar friends misunderstand or unhappy. Please understand.
　
　　　 Thank you, Mr. Le Jia, for your careful guidance, companionship and encouragement over the past few months. Meeting Master Le is a blessing for my life.

Original surround furnace surround furnace

Zhang Xue, an undergraduate in sociology, studied for a master’s degree in gender and international development in the UK. After graduation, she worked in the Chinese media in London. This experience gave her an opportunity to observe and think about all aspects of British society and the Chinese community in Britain.

Make a promise

Thousand = Millennium Snow

Zhang = Zhang Xue

Xu | About the Chinese media in Britain, I only knew that there was a new Chinese media for British newspaper sisters. It seems that the audience is mainly overseas students in the UK, which has a great influence, and people who are not in the UK will also pay attention to it. Can you tell me something about the British Chinese media and your work first?

Zhang | The format of Chinese media in Britain is quite diverse. In addition to the British newspaper sister who pursues traffic more in content, there are many specialized investment media and well-done marketing media. Maybe there is not so much traffic, but there are still a group of loyal audiences. The information is really objective and fair, and some people will still read it.

Although the print media are declining all over the world, the local Chinese in Britain, especially the older generation of Chinese, still have the habit of subscribing to newspapers. At present, the paper media with large circulation in Britain include European Times, UK-Chinese Times, Huawen Weekly, British Overseas Chinese News and Chinese Business Daily.

Although I paid more attention to British politics before, in fact, news in various fields related to the Chinese community will run. Now, because the work under the epidemic line has stopped, at present, it is mainly translation and editing, and some British media news is transferred to our new media platform.

Getting along with Xu | undergraduate makes me think that you are a character who prefers quiet thinking. I never thought that you would do such a publicity job as the media. Besides, I talked to you before, and you seemed to talk about the difficulty of finding a job. Can you tell me how you chose this job?

Zhang | I majored in gender and international development at Warwick University. The main destinations of this major are government departments, academic research and NGOs. As far as I know, these industries have limited job opportunities. I have long heard that it is not easy to find a job in Britain. In March of 19, I submitted my resume in various industries with a try mentality. Perhaps because of my experience in media work as an undergraduate, I was lucky to receive offer from two Chinese media. The media I am currently in is supported by a private capital and has certain freedom in topic selection and voice. This paper media was founded by mainland businessmen in 2003, but it is printed in traditional Chinese characters, perhaps considering that quite a few of our readers still come from Guangdong or Hong Kong.

I haven’t been in Britain for a long time, and I’m not very sociable (laughs). I haven’t established a wide network of social relations, so I can’t talk about going deep into the mainstream society in London. But after all, the media still have the opportunity to participate in various local activities, and have a face-to-face meeting with British colleagues such as BBC and The Times. In addition, I have an empirical understanding of the specific operation of British democracy by reporting on the 19-year double 12 elections in Britain.

Xu | I still remember that you said that it was more difficult for Chinese to find a job in Britain than for Pakistanis (laughs), and you also talked to me about the relative marginalization of the Chinese community in the mainstream society. In fact, this issue has also been concerned, and the reasons summarized are nothing more than the huge differences in language, culture and living habits. Do you have your own views on this?

Zhang | People with different education levels or classes may encounter different difficulties when they integrate into the British local society. The Chinese I contact most are overseas students or colleagues with higher education, but the language problem is not very big, and the differences in culture and living habits are more prominent. For example, British locals like to go to bars to drink, watch football, exercise, walk and do public welfare, etc. I don’t deny that there are also Chinese who like these, but the specific methods and contents are still very different.

This is my explanation from my personal experience, but I think there is a very prominent phenomenon in the Chinese community as a whole, and that is: going their own way. The Chinese communities in Britain are relatively isolated from each other. I also consulted some local predecessors, and their views are mainly the lack of an appealing organization/leader to maintain the identity of Chinese communities.

I remember an elite Chinese said, "Chinese and Jews are very similar, both attach great importance to industry, and then attach great importance to their children’s education, and they are engaged in similar occupations, both of which are high-income middle classes." But compared with Jews, the Chinese community does not have a bond to maintain each other. " Most of the joint activities of the Chinese community I witnessed here are pragmatic and have practical benefits. For example, many activities are funded by the Chamber of Commerce, and everyone seems willing to form a bureau to get to know each other. When this matter is over, it will be over. Few large groups are organized because of certain political ideas or hobbies. Even there are few organizations with academic interests. At present, the only one that is relatively large seems to be the natural science group organized by doctors in brain and brain science.

In addition, there are very few Chinese who can speak for themselves in political circles, and there are not many Chinese elites in politics. As for why this happens, I think the main reason is that the history of immigration is too short. For a group, it takes a process to self-unite and participate in public politics.

British Chinese immigrants gathered in London at the earliest and most, and the first wave of immigrants came from Hong Kong in the 1960s and 1970s. The second wave was probably in the 1990 s, the tide of immigrants from the mainland; In recent 10 years, studying abroad has brought a large number of China students and investment immigrants. The first wave of immigrants generally started from the bottom labor force, made laundry rooms, and then slowly opened restaurants.

This is very similar to some immigrants from Romania or Poland in Eastern Europe. Their main purpose is to save money and go back to their own countries to buy a house. Then they will exploit themselves and accumulate the capital to return to China. They will still go to the factory to work overtime on holidays, just to get double wages, and they are politically silent.

Participating in politics or building a community requires a material foundation. Basically, the first generation of Chinese who come to Britain have worked hard to make money and invest in education, so that the next generation or generations can engage in middle-class occupations, such as doctors, lawyers, IT, finance, real estate, etc. Many Chinese I have come into contact with have received higher education and have decent jobs, but most of them are shown as "economic animals", but they are relatively aphasic on social and political issues.

However, the situation has changed. With economic status, political elites will naturally emerge. In particular, the overall institutional environment is actually relatively relaxed, and there is no situation in which political power is not open to a certain ethnic group. In 15 years, Alan Mak, the first Chinese MP, appeared in the British House of Commons. In the 19-year general election, there were also nine Chinese candidates (two from the mainland, seven from Hongkong, Taiwan Province or Malaysia, to be precise, the parents of those immigrants, all of whom were born in Britain), and two were elected as members of the House of Commons, one was Alan Mak, and the other was Sarah Owen of the Labour Party, who was the first female Chinese member in the history of the British Parliament. In this way, Chinese-Americans in the United States just launched a candidate like Andrew Yang last year. Although it can’t be said that it was very successful, it was at least a good attempt.

I remember that one of these nine members was Wang Xingang, and last year was his third time to run for the House of Commons. He graduated from Beijing Jiaotong University with a bachelor’s degree. He completed the master’s degree in engineering, master’s degree in finance and executive courses at Imperial College, Oxford and Harvard Business School respectively, and currently works in the City of London. He knows well the social rules in Britain, knows how to face and fight back against discrimination, and tells Chinese people some ways to deal with it. Since the outbreak of the epidemic, hate crimes against Chinese in Britain have surged. During this period, he received a discriminatory video from a black man to the effect that we don’t need you in England. Please go back to your country. He immediately contacted the local government, police and NGOs, and the three departments also gave feedback in a timely manner. In fact, mainstream British society has zero tolerance for racial discrimination, and as long as it reacts to government departments, it can be highly valued. Taking the initiative to participate in the mainstream society in Britain is also a means to reduce discrimination. Wang Xingang gave several ways to participate in the mainstream society, such as applying to be a magistrate (justice of the peace), a local councillor or a school manager.

However, many Chinese are afraid to defend their rights when they encounter these problems, and their participation in mainstream society is not enough. As I said above, the mainstream values of British society are very disgusted with racial discrimination. Of course, it does not rule out its existence and does not dare to be blatant. The long-term marginalization of Chinese people is largely due to their lack of self-awareness, their failure to realize that they can do these things, or their lack of interest in this thing. Of course, there are also reasons for information asymmetry.

There is also a phenomenon that a large number of mainland students hold the idea of being a guest in Britain for a short time from the beginning, and naturally they are not very involved in British society. In fact, many domestic observations on British society also come from this group, and it is normal to have some deviations.

There are still many mainland immigrants who are investment immigrants, such as various big businessmen. They are all rich in resources, and their main industries may not be in Britain. These people do not need to participate in the local society, nor do they need to have any deep contact with the Chinese community. This is also an important reason why the Chinese community, especially the Chinese community in mainland China, is relatively scattered.

Xu | So, within the Chinese, will many geographical organizations play a role? For example, will the community connection and identity in Wenzhou or Chaoshan be higher than the overall level of Chinese who can speak Mandarin?

Zhang | This kind of organization, which is similar to hometown association or geographical chamber of commerce, certainly exists, and I have participated in it to some extent. For example, there are large chambers of commerce in many provinces across the country, and many activities of Chinese society are sponsored by them, including the chamber of commerce, which will also take the lead in organizing international students from the same hometown to get together and exchange feelings during the New Year. But in fact, everyone has nothing in common, that is, they will break up after a meal. If there is any personal business cooperation, it is actually their personal business, and it is hard to say that there is any direct connection with the Chamber of Commerce itself. Generally speaking, I feel that all individuals are atomized, and all kinds of geographical and industrial organizations are just platforms for atomic individuals to expand their society or resources, and they do not have strong organizational power.

Xu | religious activities or election activities to elect members representing the interests of the community will not strengthen the ties within the crowd?

Zhang | Religious activities will certainly maintain the internal identity of the crowd, but the decline or secularization of religion is a general trend in Britain. When religion declines, what will be used to maintain a community? Xiang Biao, a professor of anthropology at Oxford University, mentioned such a phenomenon-"the disappearance of the neighborhood". Everyone either pays attention to tiny personal interests or grand narratives, but ignores the surrounding communities.

Can democratic elections divided by various regions strengthen local identity? I don’t think so. Last year, I went to interview Islington North, the constituency of former Labor Party leader Corbin, and interviewed about 8-9 voters who went to the polling station to vote. I asked them what topics they were concerned about this year. Everyone was basically talking about Brexit and NHS. No one said anything about improving the infrastructure around Islington North and strengthening community security.

I remember a Muslim voter wearing a headscarf. She originally supported the Liberal Democratic Party, but she changed her position and voted for Corbin. Then she asked her why. He said that because her daughter was going to college, Corbin’s policy was to advocate nationalization, which would lead to a reduction in college tuition, at least beneficial to his family. In this way, when an individual votes, he rarely thinks about the community, but starts from his own interests or his small family.

For example, policy voting at the national level, such as Brexit or free medical care, may lead to a large number of voters who hold the same position, but in fact, they have no other consensus except voting. Once their own situation changes, they will easily change their positions. For example, when the new immigrant’s economic conditions improve and he moves out of the original community, his political position will soon change, and he will not care about the local area when he stays in the original community.

Of course, in some people whose situation has remained stable for a long time, the situation will definitely be very different, and I think there is room for further explanation.

Do you have any concerns about British local media? What is the income of media practitioners?

Zhang | The words of the British media are deeply bound to British politics. They need public opinion support in all kinds of government decision-making or election issues, and they are inseparable from the media. For example, in the past, there were a lot of doubts on Twitter, but it needs to be clarified that group immunization is not the official policy of Britain. It was the Chief Science Officer who first put forward this concept, and later, it was because of many objections from the people that the government began to adopt stricter policies such as grounding orders. In fact, it’s not just an epidemic. Every policy or bill of the British government will be released to major media before it is actually put into operation, to see the reaction of public opinion, and then the voices of the people can be uploaded through political channels and reflected directly through the media. With this interactive discussion process, everyone has psychological expectations for it, so the policy is not released arbitrarily, but only after the participation of the media and a wide range of public opinions.

In addition, the media are also divided into camps. For example, The Guardian is a typical left-wing media, while The Times and The Telegraph support the Conservative Party. Elections or various political games also require public opinion wars. At this time, the media in each camp will also do some supervision and propaganda, expose the black material of the other camp, and investigate some fraud in depth. This is what the Guardian does best. Journalists often make unannounced visits and report to politicians. For example, in this epidemic, a secret investigation by the Guardian revealed that a purchasing supervisor of NHS set up a company during the epidemic to sell a large number of personal protective equipment privately for profit, which is poking the pain point of the British government’s anti-epidemic policy.

There is also a special emphasis on media independence, but I think it is inevitable whether there will be internal interest transfer or the tendency of media reporters’ own values. We can only say that we will strive to maintain the independent status of the media in the system design, such as relying on the market for income and not accepting political funding, and mutual supervision between the media has always existed.

As for the treatment of British media practitioners, generally speaking, it is definitely not a high-paying profession. The annual salary of the Guardian reporter is only in the early 20,000 pounds, but the average annual salary of the financial services industry in the City of London can reach nearly 70,000 pounds. Many former senior government officials will enter the media after leaving office. For example, george osborne, the former chancellor of the exchequer, is the editor-in-chief of London Evening Standard. In addition, media reporters can also move to the political field. Boris was a reporter for The Times, The Telegraph and The Observer before he entered politics.

Postscript: the words of the interviewee

Being a journalist in the UK started by accident, but it left a great impression on my career in the UK, which not only allowed me to capture vivid details when the democratic system took root, but also made me understand the importance of information in personal empowerment. I have always regarded Britain as the first stop to know the world, and I hope to remain a bystander in the future, observing and recording the scenery in different cultural fields. Wish, always on the road, keep walking.

Wen | Promise Millennium Snow

Figure | Zhang Xue

Original title: "Dialogue with Zhang Xue: I am a reporter in the UK | Wai Furnace FDU"

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　　The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to the work of "Internet+government services". In April 2016, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out at the symposium on network security and informatization that it is necessary to promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity through informatization, coordinate the development of e-government, and build an integrated online service platform. Premier Li Keqiang proposed in the government work report of the "two sessions" in 2016 that "Internet+government services" should be vigorously promoted, data sharing among departments should be realized, and residents and the masses should run less errands, handle affairs easily and avoid congestion. In order to strengthen the national integration of "Internet+Government Services" technology and the top-level design and standardization of the service system, according to the unified deployment, the E-government Office of the State Council organized and compiled the "Guide to the Construction of Internet+Government Services" technology system (hereinafter referred to as the "Construction Guide"), which was issued to all regions and departments in the name of the State Council in December 2016. The Construction Guide puts forward the information-based solutions and operation methods to standardize the operation of administrative power and optimize the supply of government services, which is of positive significance for promoting the standardized construction of "Internet+government services" platform in various regions and departments and promoting the sustainable and healthy development of "Internet+government services".

　　First, the "Construction Guide" was compiled at the right time

　　With the deepening of the transformation of government functions and the development of information technology, online government service has become an important way for the government to provide services to the society and the public, and "Internet+government service" is gradually becoming a new way, new channel and new carrier to innovate government management and service. It can be said that the current promotion of "Internet+government services" is just the right time, with foundation, conditions and motivation. It is a major measure for governments at all levels to deepen reform and actively adapt to the situation. It is of great significance for accelerating the transformation of government functions, improving the efficiency of government services, deepening mass entrepreneurship and innovation, further stimulating market vitality and accelerating the formation of new development momentum.

　　Strengthening the national integration of "Internet+government services" technology and the top-level design of service system is not only an important measure to implement the relevant decision-making arrangements in the State Council, but also an urgent need for various regions and departments to promote the work of "Internet+government services". At the same time, the construction of online government service platform in various regions and departments has achieved positive results. However, due to the separate construction, there are great differences between departments and regions, the affairs are not comprehensive, the standardization, fineness and convenience of service information are not high enough, online and offline connectivity is not smooth, cross-regional and cross-departmental information sharing is difficult, business collaboration is difficult, and basic support such as security and identity authentication is insufficient. Many comrades in local departments have reported that the construction of government service technology system is of overall significance. If it is not unified in the top-level design perspective, new information islands and information fragmentation will be formed. It is urgent to strengthen overall planning from the national level and standardize and guide the construction of government service platforms from the technical and content levels.

　　In order to implement the spirit of leading comrades’ important instructions on promoting "Internet+government services", the E-government Office of the State Council focused on the construction of "Internet+government services" platform, information sharing, interconnection and other aspects to promote the pilot demonstration and technical system construction of "Internet+government services". First, organize relevant provinces and cities to carry out pilot demonstrations. Since the beginning of 2016, focusing on the outstanding problems in government services, we have organized Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Gansu and Qingdao to carry out the pilot work of "Internet+government services" to solve a number of blocking points and pain points that restrict the whole online service, improve the integrated support capacity of government services, explore effective methods to realize cross-regional and cross-departmental information sharing, and initially establish a clearly classified, objective and comprehensive evaluation and assessment system. The pilot work was fully affirmed by the leading comrades in the State Council, and it also provided examples and experiences for improving the pertinence and operability of the Construction Guide. The second is to organize the preparation of the "Internet+Government Services" technical system construction guide. Compiling the Construction Guide is not only the key task of the Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Work of Internet+Government Services, but also the key link of the work of Internet+Government Services. The compilation of "Construction Guide" lasted for nearly one year, and received strong support from various regions and departments. We tried to put forward the implementation path and operation method around the last mile of "Internet+government service" from the perspective of the role of informatization through the compilation of the guide.

　　Two, the preparation of the "Construction Guide" is a process of building consensus and solving difficult problems.

　　(A) the main preparation process

　　The E-government Office of the State Council officially started the compilation of the Construction Guide in January 2016. First, a working mechanism with extensive participation of relevant parties has been established. Invite the heads of five local government service agencies and e-government agencies in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Gansu and Qingdao to set up special working groups; Set up an overall group led by the State-run E-government Office and an expert group composed of experts in e-government related fields; Invite research institutions such as National School of Administration and National Information Center as supporting units; Establish normal working contact with the central network information office, development and reform commission and other functional departments. The second is to carry out in-depth research and discussion exchanges. Organized a technical training and exchange meeting for the construction of "Internet+Government Services" platform for 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government); Held a centralized research meeting attended by 10 regions including Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian and Guangdong; Go to relevant areas to carry out field research; Relying on the "Internet+Government Services" series forums of the National School of Administration, some local departments and experts were organized to hold special seminars. Through extensive investigation, we have a comprehensive understanding of the experience, practices and existing problems of various departments in various regions, as well as opinions and suggestions on the compilation of the guide. The third is to combine the pilot demonstration work and key technology research, comprehensively sort out and summarize the current situation and common problems of government services in various regions and departments, and fully absorb the achievements and experiences of exploration and practice in promoting the construction of government service halls and online government service platforms in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Guizhou, Gansu, Ningxia, Shenzhen, Qingdao, Nanjing and other regions.Organize forces to focus on tackling key problems and prepare the first draft of the Construction Guide. The fourth is to solicit opinions from relevant localities, departments and experts. It has held many expert argumentation meetings, local department symposiums and consultation meetings, and solicited opinions from local departments in writing after the first draft was formed. According to the opinions and suggestions of various departments in various regions, it has been revised and improved many times.

　　(B) several principles to grasp in the preparation work

　　First, adhere to the problem orientation. In view of the difficulties, pain points and blocking points in online government service, such as nonstandard content, inconvenient service, non-interoperability of online government service platforms, non-sharing of data, poor online and offline connectivity, and insufficient standardization of government service, this paper deeply analyzes the reasons, studies and formulates solutions, optimizes the government service structure, improves the construction mechanism, and strives to break through the information barrier. The second is to strengthen the top-level design. According to the requirements of national chess game and local conditions, do a good job in the top-level design of "Internet+government services" and gradually establish technical standards and management norms covering all aspects of the whole process of "Internet+government services". The third is to promote resource integration. Make full use of existing facilities and data resources, optimize and improve the construction level of existing government service platforms in various regions and departments, so as to make up the position and avoid starting a new stove. Guided by norms and supported by platforms, we will give full play to the role of public "channels" and common support, and promote cross-regional, cross-departmental and cross-disciplinary information sharing and business collaboration. The fourth is to pay attention to open collaboration. Make full use of Internet thinking, government and social forces, fully absorb the practical results of pioneering regional exploration, take into account the development reality of different regions, and provide different construction modes and application depth versions for various regions and departments to choose according to the actual situation, focusing on popularization, replication and sustainability, and striving to highlight operability, iteration and foresight.

　　(3) The key problems to be solved in the guide

　　Focusing on solving the outstanding problems existing in the "streamline administration, delegate power, strengthen regulation and improve services", such as the difficulty in handling affairs, examination and approval, running errands, and many certificates, the Construction Guide focuses on the key links of "Internet+government services" business support, basic platforms, key technologies, evaluation and assessment, clarifies the technical framework and service specifications, and formulates technical schemes, management methods and standards for promoting cross-regional and cross-departmental platform interoperability, mutual recognition of licenses, and data exchange. Strengthen the top-level design and standardization of the national integrated "Internet+government service" system, promote the cracking of "information islands" and "data chimneys", so that information can "run more roads" and enterprises and the masses can "run less errands". First, in order to solve the problems of incomplete, irregular and inconvenient online affairs, standardize the construction of business support system, promote the standardization of matters list, work guide, detailed review, collaborative business handling and dynamic management of matters; Second, in view of the problems of non-interoperability and data sharing of online government service platforms, strengthen the construction of basic platform system, realize unified declaration, unified acceptance, centralized handling, unified feedback and whole process supervision of government services, and promote platform integration and data sharing; Third, in view of the general technical obstacles to the development of online government services, improve the construction of key support technology systems, and promote the construction of unified online identity authentication, unified electronic license database, and the application of big data and cloud computing in government services; Fourth, in view of the lack of user experience and evaluation methods of government services, we will promote the construction of evaluation and assessment system, and promote the improvement of government services with electronic monitoring and third-party evaluation as the starting point.

　　Third, strengthen overall planning, form a joint force, and promote the implementation of the "Construction Guide"

　　Promoting "Internet+Government Services" is a systematic project involving the overall situation and far-reaching influence, and it is also a pioneering work. In the next step, in accordance with the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on promoting "Internet+government services", we will work closely with the relevant departments of the State Council and various departments in various regions, focusing on implementing the Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Work of "Internet+Government Services" and the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Guide for the Construction of the Technical System of "Internet+Government Services", and strive to reshape this relationship’s government functions and make it practical and convenient. In 2017, the E-government Office of the State Council, together with relevant parties, will strengthen the overall coordination, supervision and inspection, evaluation and evaluation of the implementation of the Construction Guide, do a good job in the publicity, interpretation and training of the Construction Guide, organize relevant regions and departments to carry out pilot demonstrations, supervise and inspect the implementation of the Construction Guide in a timely manner, promote the evaluation and evaluation of the online government service capabilities of various regions and departments in a timely manner, and guide and standardize the integration of online government services of various regions and departments. (Director, State Council E-government Office)
Lu Xiangdong)