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This is the "Guide to the Core Literature of Social Media Research"

001 articles

Starting today, we hope to do an interesting and important thing: to sort out the core literature of social media research and try to draw an academic map for this field.

Today, the 001st paper of this project is pushed, and it is also the most cited paper in social media research: Social Website: Definition, History and Academic Map.

Boyd, D.M., & Ellison, N.B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer ‐ Mediated Communication, 13 (1), 210-230. (Cited: 18601)

The question we want to answer is:

★ In this paper, how do Boyd and Ellision define social networking sites?

★ What does this definition inspire the research of social networking sites?

★ What amendments have been made to this definition in the follow-up study?

Of course, in addition to reading, if you are interested in this plan and want to "blend in" together, please read the project plan at the end of the push and contact us.

In the history of social networking sites, 2007 is worth remembering. At the end of this year, Read/WriteWeb, a well-known Internet technology review blog, decided to award the IT company of the year award to Facebook, not Google. The reason is that Facebook broke the closed system of traditional social networking sites and allowed users to obtain plug-ins from third-party companies in the site. In other words, since then, Facebook has raised its "connection" potential to a new level and become an open co-writing space.

In 2007, beyond the commercial horizon, social networking sites, as academic research objects, also ushered in its landmark works, and the key word was still "connection". If we look back in 2007, a lot of academic research on social networking sites has been accumulated in the field of humanities and social sciences, but the dialogue between them is still incomplete and needs to be integrated urgently. Therefore, the Journal of Computer Aided Communication (JCMC) published a special issue on social networking sites in 2007, and invited two scholars, danah boyd and Nicole Ellison, to write an opening article. In this opening article, two scholars discussed the definition, history and academic map of social networking sites. Among them, their definition of social networking sites has been widely cited by subsequent studies and has become a classic work in the field of social networking sites.

Here we need to briefly explain from three levels why "definition" is important for social networking sites. First, the definition represents the boundary of research. Tampering with raymond carver’s words means what we are talking about when we are talking about social networking sites. Second, the definition focuses on the research field of vision. In our definition, we distinguish social networking sites from other types of websites, and the difference is likely to be the focus of follow-up research. Third, the evolution of definition also reflects the changes of technology. Social networking sites are essentially evolving with technological updates. In the following, we will focus on the definition of social networking sites in this paper and the revision of this definition in subsequent research.

In boyd and Ellison’s review, as of 2007, social networking sites have experienced three stages of development. Sixdegree.com, established in 1997, is regarded as the starting point of social networking site. However, perhaps because it was too ahead of the times, the site announced that it would stop operating in 2001. 2003 witnessed the second stage of the development of social networking sites. Many social networking sites have mushroomed and gradually become mainstream. One of the representative websites is MySpace, which we are familiar with. Then, in the third stage, the appearance of Facebook expanded the influence of social networking sites to a global scale. So, can we sort out a common clue for these different social networking sites? What are the similarities between them, which can be summarized under the same noun?

In this paper, the two authors define social networking sites as follows:

"We define social networking sites as an Internet-based service. It allows individuals (1) to establish a public or semi-public personal homepage in a closed system; (2) establish a connection with other users and present a list of contacts on the personal homepage; And (3) viewing and shuttling through the list of connections established by oneself and others in the system. The nature and naming of these links may vary from website to website. "

Next, we will briefly interpret these three characteristics:

1. Home page

The first keyword in the definition of social networking sites is the home page. Personal homepage is the pillar of social media and the basic unit and node of social networking sites, which is one of the most important differences between social networking sites, instant messaging tools and BBS. According to boyd and Ellison, the magic of personal homepage is that it allows users to "type themselves into being". For example, users need to fill in a series of questions on their personal homepage, such as head portrait, age, residence, interests, and a series of "about me" information. This process is self-sketching. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand why the research on self-construction and impression management in social networking sites has been launched since the 1990s and has become one of the core concepts of the research.

Step 2 connect

The second keyword in the definition of social networking sites is connection. The author thinks that the uniqueness of social networking sites is not that they allow individuals to meet strangers, but that they allow users to show their social networks. This is another important difference between social networking sites and instant messaging tools. What excites researchers is that this relationship has different names in different social media-Weibo calls it "fans", Twitter calls it "followers" and Facebook calls it "friends". So, what is the relationship between people in social networking sites? More interestingly, when social networking sites use the title "friend", how will the meaning of the word "friend" change quietly?

Step 3 shuttle

The third keyword in the definition of social networking sites is traverse. This word has at least two dimensions. First, people can shuttle through their friends lists and check their friends’ messages at any time, so they can establish their own relationship network; Secondly, people can often check who their friends have. Recall that when Sixdegree.com used the metaphor of "six dimensions" in naming, he actually expressed the value of the second layer of shuttle. Similarly, one of the visions of Tinder, a dating software, is to firmly believe that people with common friends are more likely to become friends. If we continue along this line of thought, we will surely meet Caroline Haythornthwaite’s classic research on "latent ties" in 2005. Of course, from another perspective, when you are shuttling with other people’s homepages, you are also being shuttled by others. This also explains why privacy and visibility will become an important clue in the research of social networking sites.

Since its publication, the paper I introduced to you has been cited by tens of thousands of follow-up studies, most of which focus on its definition of social networking sites. However, if we stand in today’s coordinates and look back at this definition more than ten years ago, we may feel some old traces of the times. With the evolution of technology, have these three keywords changed? After all, definition can only be responsible for defining "being", but not for predicting "becoming".

In 2013, boyd and Ellison joined forces again to update the three characteristics of this definition, which are briefly described as follows for your reference:

(1) The importance of personal homepage has been greatly reduced, and social networking sites have changed from homepage-oriented socialization to behavior-oriented socialization. Even if the homepage still exists, it is no longer a static self-description, but a dynamic combination of different types of status updates.

(2) Friend list no longer only describes the circle of friends of users, but more importantly, it shows a social graph of users through algorithms.

(3) Social networking sites provide more possibilities for shuttle. Users used to only use social networking sites to establish and maintain their own relationship circle, so shuttle is closed in nature. With the continuous introduction of new functions, this closeness has been constantly broken. For example, hashtags allow people to jump out of their circle of friends and meet strangers at a more public level.

Accordingly, boyd and Ellison also gave a new definition of social networking site:

Social networking site is a networked communication platform, in which participants (1) have a unique and identifiable personal homepage, which includes the content provided by users themselves, the content provided by other users, and the data content at the system level (2) can publicly display their social relationships and be browsed and shuttled by others (3) can consume, produce and/or interact with the content stream provided by contacts in the site.

This change in technology and culture can also be reflected in the purport of researchers, such as algorithms and privacy, tag community and other research topics have gradually emerged and highlighted. Of course, even if the definitions provided by boyd and Ellison are updated, it has been seven years since this article was written. What changes have taken place in the characteristics of social networking sites? What surprises can these changes provide for our research and thinking?

From this point of view, American scholar Jeff Pooley is right, and communication research is destined to be a humble undertaking, because the continuous updating and iteration of technology will make us push a stone up the mountain like Sisyphus in Greek mythology, and then see it roll back again and again until forever.

Note: It should be noted that the two authors used "Social Network Site" instead of Social Media. If we make a diachronic analysis of the researcher’s choice of "wording", we will find the characteristics of the times. Between 2003 and 2008, the word "social networking site" was used twice as much as "social media" in research papers. However, from 2009 to 2014, this relationship was reversed, and social media has largely replaced the term "social networking site". Social media is the result of the continuous expansion of technology developers. Compared with social networking sites, it has a wider extension, or social networking sites have now condescended to become a subset of social media. See McCay-Peet & Quan-Haase, 2017.

Next, it is an advertisement. ……

Our Social Media Research Core Literature Reading Guide Program

Officially began to recruit participants.

1. What do we hope to do: We hope to systematically sort out the English core papers and latest research on social media research and draw an "academic map" in this research field.

Second, how do we want to do this? We will connect a clue for these studies on the basis of understanding them through reading guidance and discussion.

Third, what principles will we choose the literature according to:

(1) The most frequently discussed questions and keywords in the top English journals.

(2) The core topics contained in the Handbook published by 2)Sage, Oxford and other institutions in the fields of Internet and social media.

(3) Based on the categories of the first two, the core original works that are most worth reading are selected.

4. What is the value of this matter? We will jointly understand the approach of social media research and introduce the latest international research progress in a crowdsourcing form.

5. How do we accomplish this? We will recruit master students and doctoral students who are interested in social media and have a good English level to read and discuss together, and in the process, we will gain an academic map of our own.

6. What documents will we read specifically: In addition to the classic papers pushed in this issue, the following examples give ten examples, hoping to give you a general idea of what research we are paying attention to.

1. The Extended Self of the Digital World

Belk, R. W. (2013). Extended self in adigital world. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(3), 477-500.

2. The Benefits of Facebook Friends: Social Capital and the Use of Social Networking Sites for College Students.

Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and collegestudents’ use of online social network sites. Journal of computer-mediatedcommunication, 12(4), 1143-1168.

3. "Everyone knows your (online) name: online games as a" third place ""

Steinkuehler, C. A., & Williams, D.(2006). Where everybody knows your (screen) name: Online games as “thirdplaces”. Journal of computer-mediated communication, 11(4), 885-909.

4. "Digital Native (Young) Residents (Young) People (Children): the Difference of Internet Skills and Use of the Internet Generation"

Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital na (t) ives? Variation in internet skills and uses among members of the “netgeneration”. Sociological inquiry, 80(1), 92-113.

5. "Want to be at the top? The pow of algorithms and that threat of invisibility in face book.

Bucher, T. (2012). Want to be on the top? Algorithmic power and the threat of invisibility on Facebook. New media& society, 14(7), 1164-1180.

6. "What’s in the smile? How do people with disabilities participate in politics through selfies and emotions?

Yadlin-Segal, A. (2019). What’s in a smile? Politicizing disability through selfies and affect. Journal ofComputer-Mediated Communication, 24(1), 36-50.

7. "You Never Know Who’s Watching": Imaginary Monitoring in Social Media Platform.

Duffy, B. E., & Chan, N. K. (2019). “Younever really know who’s looking”: Imagined surveillance across social mediaplatforms. New Media & Society, 21(1), 119-138.

8. The Echo Room is Overrated: Political Interest and the Moderating Effect of Multi-media.

Dubois, E., & Blank, G. (2018). The echochamber is overstated: the moderating effect of political interest and diversemedia. Information, Communication & Society, 21(5), 729-745.

9. From Participatory Culture to Participatory Fatigue: Public Issues.

Porlezza C. From participatory culture toparticipatory fatigue: The problem with the public. Social Media + Society,2019, 5(3): 2056305119856684.

10. "Roaming Method: A Path to Research APP"

Light, B., Burgess, J.,& Duguay, S. (2018). The walkthrough method: An approach to the study ofapps. New media & society, 20(3), 881-900.

Original title: "What are we talking about when we talk about social networking sites? 》

Read the original text

　　　　　　 CCTV News:India and the United States will hold the third India-US "2+2" Ministerial Dialogue in New Delhi, India, on the 27th. In the past few days, the governments of the United States and India have frequently made high-profile announcements, and the two countries will sign the bilateral Agreement on Basic Exchanges and Cooperation in Geospatial Cooperation during the "2+2" Dialogue, marking closer military cooperation between the two countries. For details, see the report sent back by our correspondent in India earlier.

　　　　　　 US Secretary of State Pompeo and Defense Minister Esper will visit India from 26th to 27th and attend the dialogue. On the Indian side, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and Foreign Minister Su Jie Sheng will lead the delegation.

　　　　　　 The India-US "2+2" dialogue mechanism began in 2018, and the first two sessions were held in New Delhi in 2018 and Washington in 2019. The Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that the agenda of the third dialogue will cover all bilateral, regional and global issues of common concern.

　　　　　　 The Indian Express reported on the 21st that an important part of the "2+2" dialogue between India and the United States will be the signing of the Agreement on Basic Exchange and Cooperation in Geospatial Space. It will be the fourth basic military agreement reached by the United States and India after the General Military Information Security Agreement signed in 2002, the Memorandum of Logistics Exchange Agreement signed in 2016 and the Communication Compatibility and Security Agreement signed in 2018. India’s ZeeNews website said that the signing of the new agreement will enable India to share the space geographic information of the United States and improve the accuracy of automated hardware systems and weapons such as cruises, ballistic missiles and drones.

　　　　　　 The analysis shows that the four agreements represent different levels of military cooperation, and at the fourth level, the two sides have reached the level of "quasi-allies" in military intelligence information exchange at least in theory. For this reason, Reuters used the phrase "India abandoned its ‘ Non-alignment ’ The consistent position of "this eye-catching title.

　　　　　　 The timing of this dialogue is also very delicate, which is very close to the polling day of the US general election on November 3, and this is Pompeo’s second visit to Asia and the second meeting with the Indian Foreign Minister within one month. The United States’ wooing of India is obvious. Agence France-Presse listed a number of examples of the continuous approach of the United States and India on the 21st: On the 20th, Australia announced that it would join India, the United States and Japan in a large-scale military exercise to be held next month — — "Malabard" naval exercise; Last November, the United States held its first bilateral sea, land and air exercise with India. In July this year, the US military aircraft carrier Nimitz held exercises with the Indian Navy and so on.

Editor’s Note: This article comes from Tencent Technology (ID: qqtech) and is reproduced by 36Kr with authorization.

On March 19th, the PPT of iQiyi roadshow was exposed, and the company will be listed on NASDAQ next week.

The following is a detailed interpretation of PPT English documents of roadshows.

Iqiyi IPO issued 125 million American Depositary Receipts (ADSs) at a price range of $17 to $19, with one ADS =7 common shares.

Pricing date: March 28, 2018

Stock code: IQ, listed on Nasdaq Stock Market.

Use of raised funds: content acquisition and production; R&D investment; Working capital and general enterprise use

Locking period: 180 days

Underwriters: Goldman Sachs, Credit Suisse and Bank of America Merrill Lynch are joint lead underwriters; Huaxing Capital, Citigroup and UBS Investment Bank are joint deputy underwriters.

Gong Yu, founder and CEO of iQiyi, and Wang Xiaodong, CFO.

Eager to become a technology-based entertainment giant, bringing fun and joy to people and their families.

The online entertainment industry in China has been growing rapidly, and the economic growth is expected to continue. According to the data provided by iResearch, the entertainment demand in China has reached RMB 1.06 trillion in 2016, and it is expected to increase to RMB 2.769 trillion in 2022, with a compound annual growth rate of 17.3%.

On the other hand, the scale of China’s online video member service market has increased from 400 million yuan in 2012 to 12.1 billion yuan (about 1.9 billion US dollars) in 2016; It is estimated that it will reach RMB 73 billion by 2022, with a compound annual growth rate of 34.9%.

Paid content+content distribution = subscription mode

Benefits of subscription mode: increase content investment-attract more subscribers-and get higher revenue.

Iqiyi’s business model-supported by the ability to monetize an IP in various ways.

Premium video content+paid membership service

In the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2017, the average monthly mobile users of iQiyi were about 421.3 million, and the average daily mobile users were 126.0 million. The average monthly visiting users of PC are about 424.1 million, and the average daily visiting users of PC are 53.7 million.

In December 2017, users watched 9.2 billion hours of video content on the iQiyi platform, and each user watched 1.7 hours of video content on the iQiyi application every day on average. Aiqiyi also owns the Aiqiyi Bubble Community, a leading entertainment-based social media platform in China, which allows fans to follow and interact with celebrities and entertainment communities.

According to the total time spent by users, iQiyi ranks second in China mobile application market; According to the calculation of monthly average visiting users, iQiyi ranks fourth.

As of December 31, 2017, the number of iQiyi subscribers was 50.8 million; As of February 28, 2018, the number of subscribers has risen to 60.1 million, which is faster than that of global peers.

Collect users’ search and play habits, consumption habits and interaction, and get public opinion analysis, user analysis and personalized recommendation through intention recognition, behavior model and machine learning.

Iqiyi Bubble: Focus on social networks in the entertainment field by targeting topics through celebrity dynamic news and content.

Powerful network effect, users realize socialization when watching videos.

More user behavior data-better content production and refined marketing-increase user participation and spend more time.

Through innovation in content selection, distribution mode and content production, iQiyi has become a market leader.

According to the report of iResearch, the original content of iQiyi occupies 5 in the top 10 Internet variety shows in China and 6 in the top 10 online original dramas.

In 2015, iQiyi released a high-budget online original TV series "Tomb Notes", which generated more than 100 million traffic within 24 hours of its release, with a total traffic of more than 4 billion.

Since 2015, iQiyi has released several award-winning original dramas, including Old Nine Gates and Crime without a License. The above two series generated about 13 billion traffic.

The company also took the lead in launching a series of very popular Internet variety shows, such as Qipa Shuo, which was released in 2014 and is now in its fourth season, and Hip-hop in China, both of which generated 3 billion traffic.

The video playback volume of "Hip Hop in China" reached 3 billion times; The number of short videos played reached 8 billion times; It has occupied 36 seats in 50 hot topics of Sina Weibo.

The program has produced a huge economic effect, and the advertising position of the 60-second finale is RMB 45 million.

Predicting video traffic and movie box office are key benchmarks to help determine the cost of content.

Iqiyi’s content ecosystem and strong publishing and monetization capabilities attract and support different types of content partners and provide them with optimized return on investment.

The functions provided by iQiyi to content partners include: content management, user and traffic data, and revenue sharing information.

Iqiyi’s solutions for advertising partners include: video pre-positioning and pop-up advertisements, In-Feed advertisements and innovative advertisements based on content.

Through artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, iQiyi has the ability of intelligent creation, intelligent output, intelligent labeling, intelligent publishing, intelligent viewing, intelligent monetization and intelligent customer service.

Gong Yu, founder and CEO of iQiyi; Wang Xiaohui, Chief Content Officer; Alvin Tang, Chief Technology Officer; Wang Xiaodong, Chief Financial Officer; Wang Xiangjun, Chief Marketing Officer; Yang Xianghua, Senior Vice President; Senior vice president Duan Youqiao.

Iqiyi has technology and innovative genes, and is inclusive and respectful.

In the field of original content, iQiyi will recruit top talents, systematically produce phenomenal original content, and strengthen the relationship with upstream industry participants.

In terms of technological innovation, iQiyi will use artificial intelligence and big data to make content, enhance entertainment experience, introduce content recommendation, serve advertisers and content partners.

In the content provision ecosystem, iQiyi will expand the coverage of long tail content, increase the number of iQiyi partner accounts, and further develop content in new media formats.

In terms of user base, iQiyi will increase its appeal to users of different age groups, provide excellent and personalized experiences and strengthen content distribution.

In terms of monetization channels, iQiyi will increase the penetration rate of paying users, establish a multi-layer paying user system, expand In-Feed advertising services and develop other monetization channels.

The monetization opportunities of iQiyi include membership services, content publishing, online games, paid reading, online advertising services, copyright authorization, e-commerce and so on.

The total revenue of iQiyi in 2017 was RMB 17.3784 billion (about US$ 2.671 billion), an increase of 54.6% compared with RMB 11.2374 billion in 2016 and RMB 5.3186 billion in 2015.

Iqiyi’s membership service revenue in 2017 was RMB 6,536.0 million (about US$ 1,004.6 million), an increase of 73.7% compared with RMB 3,762.2 million in 2016 and RMB 996.7 million in 2015.

The proportion of membership service revenue in total revenue increased from 18.7% in 2015 to 33.5% in 2016, and further increased to 37.6% in 2017.

Iqiyi’s online advertising revenue in 2017 was RMB 8,158.9 million (about US$ 1,254.0 million), up 44.4% from RMB 5,650.4 million in 2016 and RMB 3,399.9 million in 2015.

The average revenue of iQiyi’s active users per mobile day in 2015 was RMB 60.2, which rose to RMB 89.6 in 2016 and RMB 137.9 in 2017, with a compound annual growth rate of 51.3%.

Iqiyi’s revenue per thousand visit hours in 2015 was RMB 85.8, which rose to RMB 118.5 in 2016 and RMB 158.7 in 2017, with a compound annual growth rate of 36.0%.

The total revenue cost of iQiyi in 2015 was RMB 6.042 billion, of which the content cost was RMB 3.694 billion, the bandwidth cost was RMB 1.167 billion and other costs were RMB 1.180 billion. In 2016, the total revenue cost was RMB 11.437 billion, of which the content cost was RMB 7.541 billion, the bandwidth cost was RMB 1.875 billion and other costs were RMB 2.021 billion. The total revenue cost in 2017 was RMB 17.387 billion, of which the content cost was RMB 12.617 billion, the bandwidth cost was RMB 2.190 billion and other costs were RMB 2.579 billion.

The gross profit margin of iQiyi was -13.6% in 2015, -1.8% in 2016 and 0.0% in 2017. Iqiyi’s revenue cost accounted for 113.6% of total revenue in 2015, 101.8% in 2016 and 100.0% in 2017.

The operating expenditure of iQiyi in 2017 was RMB 21,331.3 million (about US$ 3,278.6 million), higher than RMB 14,026.9 million in 2016 and RMB 7,746.2 million in 2015. Among them, the revenue cost was RMB 17,386.6 million (about US$ 2,672.2 million), higher than RMB 11,436.6 million in 2016 and RMB 6,041.8 million in 2015; Expenditure on sales, general affairs and administration was RMB 2,675.0 million (about US$ 411.1 million), higher than RMB 1,765.8 million in 2016 and RMB 1,204.5 million in 2015; R&D expenditure was RMB 1,269.8 million (about US$ 195.2 million), higher than RMB 824.5 million in 2016 and RMB 500.0 million in 2015.

The reasons why iQiyi is worth investing include: its leading position in the market; Have an advanced business model to capture market opportunities; A deep understanding of the entertainment industry in China; Top original production ability; Invest in content in an orderly and efficient manner.

China’s entertainment industry will become a trillion-dollar market.

On May 13th, local time in the United States, Lenovo Group demonstrated the ThinkPad X1 series, the prototype of the world’s first foldable screen computer, at the Accelerate conference. This folding screen computer adopts OLED 2K foldable display screen produced in cooperation with LG Display, with a screen ratio of 4: 3, which is 13.3 inches after opening, and the width can be reduced by half by folding in half.

This product is equipped with Intel processor and Windows operating system, and comes with virtual keyboard and office 365. The weight of the whole machine is about 900g. In terms of endurance, the battery of this product can support one day’s use.

It is understood that this product has been developed for more than three years and will be introduced to the market in 2020.

ThinkPad X1 Series of Prototype of Folding Screen Computer Lenovo official website

Lenovo describes its usage scenario as:

After getting up in the morning, fold it into a book and browse the social media dynamics in bed to start a new day.

Go into the kitchen, spread it out and erect it, and easily browse the major news websites.

On the bus or subway, turn it into a flip form to check email.

Go into the office, connect it to the multi-display setup, and then start working.

When attending a meeting, expand the folding screen to full screen, and record the meeting contents on the screen with the stylus provided by it.

After lunch, fix it through the bracket and use its peripheral mechanical keyboard to handle e-mail.

Go home at night and watch your favorite programs with it.

When relaxing in bed, fold it in half and enjoy reading before going to sleep.

　　Fake online dating, real dating, meeting is buy buy to buy … … Similar to the scams of "wine tray", "tea tray" and "rice tray", many of them occurred in Wuhan, and many victims were saddened by the new scam of "clothes tray" to play emotional cards and engage in consumer fraud.

　　The criminal suspect looks for a target man with spending power on the dating website and pretends to fall in love with him. After the "feelings" are stable, the fraud gang sends "clothes-supporting women" to "rush" with the target man (from online dating to offline real love), and uses routines to let the victims go to designated clothing stores to spend high prices on shopping. Afterwards, the "clothes girl" broke up with the victim for various reasons.

　　What makes it hard for the victim to imagine is that the criminal suspect who "talks about love" with himself on the Internet is not a "clothed woman" who meets him, but a strange man.

The criminal suspect prepared photos of all kinds of beautiful women in advance.

　　Online dating "rushing to cash", spending more than 20,000 yuan when meeting.

　　"I didn’t contact her for four days after I went home, and I realized that I was cheated." Mr. Wang, from Shiyan City, Hubei Province, once ran away with his online dating girlfriend, but he didn’t expect to be beaten away by more than 20,000 yuan in a short time.

　　Recalling this experience, Mr. Wang said, "I was carried away by love, but I didn’t expect to fall into the trap dug by others."

　　Mr. Wang, 30, posted information about marriage on a dating website, and then met a woman named "Xiaoxue". At the beginning, there was not much communication between the two, and it was not until June 2019 that they gradually became acquainted. During the chat, the woman claimed to be from Xiaogan, Hubei, and ran a nail salon with her friends in a shopping mall in Jianghan District, Wuhan.

　　In the subsequent online chat, the woman told Mr. Wang more "specific information" about herself and her family, and their "feelings" were established.

　　Mr. Wang has been away on business for a long time, and his social scope is narrow. When he reaches marriageable age, he is often urged to get married by his family. Seeing "Xiaoxue" confide in himself, he is deeply moved.

　　In December 2019, Mr. Wang, who came back from a business trip in Yunnan, agreed to meet with Xiaoxue in Wuhan.

　　On December 6, the two men "ran" in the shopping mall where "Xiaoxue" worked. As soon as they met, they talked happily and showed their affection for each other. Unexpectedly, the scam began.

　　After simply eating fast food, "Xiaoxue" took Mr. Wang’s hand and went shopping together, and finally took a walk to a clothing store. After entering the store, "Xiaoxue" took a fancy to two coats, two bags and a watch, and joked to Mr. Wang from time to time: "Look, does this coat look good on me? Is it appropriate to meet your parents? "

　　In order to please Xiaoxue, Mr. Wang didn’t worry too much and promised to pay 16,650 yuan for Xiaoxue. As a reward, "Xiaoxue" bought a necklace from 600 yuan in the store and personally put it around Mr. Wang’s neck.

　　After leaving the clothing store, the two went to drink milk tea nearby. "Xiaoxue" said to Mr. Wang aggrieved: "My skin is not very good. I am afraid that if I see your parents in the future, they will dislike it. I have taken a fancy to a set of cosmetics, and I hope you can give it to me … …” As she spoke, she sent Mr. Wang a set of cosmetics purchase links worth 4600 yuan. Mr. Wang loved "Xiaoxue" with all his heart and bought it. As a token of gratitude, Xiaoxue invited Mr. Wang to dinner that night.

　　On December 8, Mr. Wang returned to Shiyan, and he didn’t contact his "girlfriend" for several days, only then did he realize that he had been cheated.

Many of the chat records between the "keyboard player" and the victim are "professional words". Photo courtesy of respondents

　　Gang crime, clear division of labor.

　　What happened to Mr. Wang is not a case.

　　Mr. Shu from Jiangsu went to Jiang ‘an District of Wuhan City to date a woman who called herself "Xiaolei" on a dating website. After meeting, "Xiaolei" invited Mr. Shu to eat and watch movies. Subsequently, Mr. Shu spent more than 15,000 yuan on "Xiaolei" shopping. After the two separated, Mr. Shu contacted "Xiaolei" many times, but she always shirked it on the grounds of "busy work". Mr. Shu, who felt cheated, reported the case to the Jiang ‘an District Police Station.

　　Many cases have the same routine. The police started with a number of micro-signals such as "Xiaolei" and "Yingying" and found that the real users of these accounts were all men. According to the police analysis, this is a criminal fraud activity committed by a gang in the name of marriage and love: the criminal suspect pretends to be a woman online dating the target man on several dating websites, and defrauds the victim of money by shopping in designated clothing stores, asking for red envelopes, borrowing money, etc.

　　After investigation and judgment, the police in Jiang ‘an District concentrated their police force and went to several dens involved in the case, such as Jiang ‘an District and Jianghan District, respectively, to carry out network-closing operations. A total of 45 gang members were arrested and 19 computers and 73 mobile phones were seized.

　　According to reports, the fraud gang has a clear internal division of labor, playing the roles of "keyboard player", "trumpeter" and "clothes girl" respectively. The "keyboard player" is mainly male. In the early stage of committing a crime, he is responsible for pretending to be a young woman to find a single man with spending power on the dating website, building feelings through chatting, and then asking the victim to "show up" in the name of marriage and love.

　　Once a victim takes the bait, the "keyboard player" will send the man’s information, appointment time, place and historical chat records to the "trumpeter". The "trumpeter" is responsible for informing the boss of the news returned by the "keyboard player" and distributing it to the "clothes girl". According to the information sent back, the "clothes-supporting girl" plays the role of chatting online with the target man, takes the victim to the designated clothing store for consumption, and then sends back the clothes she bought to complete the fraud.

　　In order to prevent the victim from waking up to the police afterwards, the gang did not immediately "blacken" or delete the victim after the fraud, but stopped chatting with the victim under various excuses, expressing that the two were not suitable for falling in love.

　　"Exquisite acting" earned "a lot of money"

　　According to the police investigating the case, the gang has been "opened" since July 2019, earning "a lot of money" by fraud, committing more than 1,500 crimes involving more than 5 million yuan.

　　Liu, the "keyboard player", confessed that the designated clothing store usually operates normally and sells goods at a discount at the tag price, while the price of customers brought by "clothes-care women" is several times higher. After the gang succeeds every time, the "keyboard player" involved in the fraud can get a commission of 40% according to the amount of fraud, and the "clothes girl" can get a commission of 20%.

　　Liu has been in the company for more than a month, and talked about more than a dozen male netizens. Through the offline dating of "clothes supporting women", the victims of the routine spent more than 40,000 yuan, from which they made a profit of more than 16,000 yuan.

　　In July 2020, 13 people of the fraud gang were transferred to the Jianghan District Procuratorate of Wuhan for review and prosecution. According to prosecutor Hu Jizong, the people involved are mainly "post-90 s" and "post-00 s", and most of them have junior and high school education, and they take marriage fraud as their profession.

　　In order to expand the scale of fraud, the gang turned the rented residences in many places in Wuhan into office space and placed multiple computers for the use of "keyboard players".

　　Yang, a "keyboard player", confessed that they would collect beautiful pictures online beforehand, make up women’s names, and then register accounts with some matchmaking websites to chat with men in the same city, nearby and in the province.

　　In order to meet and spend money, they usually create a good image for their fictional female characters, and take the initiative to talk about fate and marriage with the target men and take the opportunity to "date".

　　Hu Jizong said that in order to prevent flaws, the gang also provided professional training and developed a set of professional words for the "keyboard players" to refer to. For example, how to pretend to be a woman and chat with the target man, how to get information about the other person’s work, hobbies, family situation, mate selection criteria, how to establish "feelings" with the target man and make an appointment to meet him at a designated place.

　　If the target man has a hobby of drinking and smoking, in order to consolidate their "feelings", the "keyboard player" will occasionally "care" the victim not to drink and smoke excessively in daily chat.

　　For some target men with strong spending power, the fraud gang will "pay special attention". "When the victim Mr. Wang began to fall into a scam, he was ‘ Keyboard player ’ Made a note, saying ‘ This man is rich, so we must find a way to keep him ’ 。” Hu Jizong said.

　　In September 2020, Jianghan District Procuratorate sued the case to Jianghan District Court. Recently, the court ruled that Liao, the leader of the gang, was sentenced to 3 years and 4 months in prison, and the remaining 12 gang members were sentenced to 1 year to 2 years and 9 months respectively. (Reporter Tanaka Quan)

Is New Year’s Eve New Year’s Eve?

New Year’s Eve is New Year’s Eve. Because New Year’s Eve often falls on the 29th or 30th day of the twelfth lunar month in the summer calendar, it is also called New Year’s Eve, which is one of the most important traditional festivals in China.

New Year’s Eve, also known as New Year’s Eve, New Year’s Eve, New Year’s Eve, New Year’s Eve, etc. It is the last night of the twelfth lunar month (December) every year. In addition, that is, the meaning of removal; Evening means night. New Year’s Eve is also a festival to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, to start all over again and to renew everything.

What activities are there on this day?

After a series of careful preparations at the end of the year, on this day, everyone lived a colorful life. The most common thing is that every family will get together and have a reunion dinner in jiaozi. Among many jiaozi, only a few with peanuts or other nuts are wrapped. Whoever eats such jiaozi indicates good luck and good luck in the new year. Then red lanterns are hung outside the house, and the whole family sit together to watch the Spring Festival Evening. When the midnight bell rings, firecrackers are set off, hoping that the coming year will be full of prosperity and good luck.

What food do you eat on this day?

Both the north and the south will choose to eat fish in this festival, which means "more than one year", so it is a necessary dish for New Year’s Eve. In the south, rice cakes are indispensable dishes, because there is a good color "Niangao", which has the meaning of making a fortune, rising step by step and being sweet, hoping for a complete and sweet life in the new year. The north is used to eating jiaozi, also known as "Jiaozi", which means "Jiaozi at the age of four". Moreover, jiaozi looks like an ingot, pinning its hopes for a rich income in the coming year. With the improvement of people’s living standards, the food on the New Year’s Eve is becoming more and more abundant. In addition to the common hot pot, people in some areas will specially prepare ten dishes, which stands for "perfection".

Awarding scene

　　Cctv news(Reporter Liu Chunyan and Tang Shiying) On April 17, the 9th Beijing International Film Festival "Beijing Market" Project Venture Capital Awards Reception was held in Beijing International Hotel. "A Cat named Schrodinger" won the "Special Award", "Overseas Promotion Award" and "Most Market Attention Award" of WIP project and became the biggest winner.

　　As one of the important sections of "Beijing market", the project venture capital activity has always been based on the core concept of "bring a story, change a movie". The selected excellent film projects will fully connect with the elements of the film industry chain, and finally hatch excellent film works with market potential.

　　This year’s project venture capital activity was officially launched on December 3, 2018, and by March 3, 2019, a total of 735 projects from 10 countries and regions were received, creating the largest number of projects declared by Beijing International Film Festival. These works are not only rich in variety, but also refreshing in style and theme. After repeated review and selection, 26 outstanding film projects were finally released. Among them, 10 venture capital projects and 6 WIP projects were shortlisted for the final roadshow of venture capital of this "Beijing Market" project. It is worth mentioning that WIP project (that is, the project under production) is the first added link in this venture capital section, which provides pre-and post-support for outstanding projects that have obtained shooting licenses, promotes the landing of outstanding projects, and becomes the highlight of this venture capital section.

　　The projects shortlisted for the final roadshow of the Beijing Market project of this Beijing International Film Festival are: The Ice Guest in the North, The Big Ship Varyag, Very Mother and Daughter, Quack! South Island Team, Cold in the Scorching Sun, Pursuit of Trace, Angel and Devil Victims, Fairy Tale World, Our Secret, A Cat named Schrodinger, WIP projects are Fragrance, Returning to Nantian, Beijing Opera Cat: Overlord Fold, Sherlock on the Plain, Summer is just one day and Record of Wild Dogs.

　　These outstanding projects first appeared on the stage in the final roadshow of project venture capital held on April 16th, and were assessed by three final judges. On April 17th, a cat named Schrodinger was the biggest winner at the prize-winning reception of Beijing Market project. It not only stood out from 10 venture capital projects and was awarded the "Special Award", but also the "Overseas Promotion Award" and the "Most Market Attention Award" of WIP project.

　　"Very Mother and Daughter" won the "Best Original Screenplay Award" in the venture capital project; "Cold in the Hot Sun" was awarded the "Most Commercial Potential Award" for venture capital projects; Gaga! South Island Team was awarded the "Most Creative Award" for venture capital projects.

　　In the WIP production project, "Wild Dog Record" was awarded the "Most Investment Value Project Award"; "Summer is just a day" was awarded the "Most Potential Creative Team Award". In addition, Very Mother and Daughter also won the MPA Award, Fairy Tale World won the MPA Special Award for Asia-Pacific Cooperation, and the other overseas promotion award went to Tracing. The project teams that have won these awards will have the opportunity to go to internationally renowned film festivals for presentation and promotion.

　　Tianshan net-Xinjiang Daily reporter Yu Jiangyan

　　From Zhundong Economic and Technological Development Zone to Urumqi, about 200 kilometers, three power stations will be arranged to ensure that heavy trucks (hereinafter referred to as "heavy trucks") can be replaced with fully charged batteries in time. Recently, PetroChina Xinjiang Sales Co., Ltd. began to build a demonstration trunk line for replacing electricity and heavy trucks from Zhundong to Urumqi to create "green transportation" and help reduce carbon emissions.

　　"Three power stations are located near a coal mining enterprise in Urumqi Economic and Technological Development Zone (Toutunhe District), changji city and Zhundong Development Zone. On August 2, the construction of the power exchange station in Urumqi has started, and it is expected to be completed and put into operation before the end of this year. " Relevant business personnel of the Development Planning Department of PetroChina Xinjiang Sales Company said.

　　Relying on the Xiangyun gas station of PetroChina in Urumqi, PetroChina Xinjiang Sales Company will cooperate with Xinjiang Energy and Chemical Co., Ltd., the State Power Investment Group, to build a new power exchange station in the station. It takes an average of 3-5 minutes for heavy trucks to arrive at the power exchange station, and the replaced batteries can be fully charged in about 50 minutes. The company is equipped with enough batteries to meet the 24-hour power exchange demand of heavy trucks transporting coal and other resources.

Effect diagram of power exchange station built by Xinjiang Derun Xiexin Energy Technology Co., Ltd. Photo courtesy of the interviewed companies

　　Zhundong Development Zone is an important part of the 14th large-scale coal base determined by the state. At present, a large amount of coal needs to be transported by heavy trucks and short barges and loaded on trains. At the same time, Xinjiang Derun Xiexin Energy Technology Co., Ltd. also plans to build a heavy truck power station in Zhundong.

　　At present, Derun Xiexin Energy has built a heavy truck-to-power station at a selected site in Shihezi City to meet the demand of short transportation and heavy truck-to-power exchange from Shihezi Railway Station to the power plant. "We cooperate with the logistics company, and the logistics company buys the new energy heavy truck body. We buy the battery. The power exchange station is actually a battery bank. The first batch of power exchange stations can meet the needs of 30 inverted short heavy trucks." Shi Weidong, general manager of Xinjiang Derun Xiexin Energy Technology Co., Ltd. said that it is estimated that by this way, a short transport vehicle can save 70,000-100,000 yuan in transportation costs every year.

　　Derun Xiexin Energy plans to build a power station in the area with more short-term business first, and the next step is to build a power station in the economic and technological development (industrial zone) of Ganquanbao, Urumqi. In addition, Hami and Hotan are also included in the future power station construction layout. "In Xinjiang, we will start with the construction of short-term transportation for power stations, then build 300-500 km demonstration trunk lines, and finally build a’ green transportation’ network system by connecting several trunk lines." Shi Weidong said.

Xinjiang Zhaoyuan Green Energy Co., Ltd. is building a power station in Wusu City. Photo courtesy of the interviewed companies

　　Located in Wusu, Kuitun and Dushanzi "Jinshanjiao", millions of tons of coal are transported to surrounding power plants and petrochemical enterprises every year. In July this year, Xinjiang Zhaoyuan Green Energy Co., Ltd. started the construction of power exchange station in Wusu City. "Prepare to build two power stations, one in the first phase, eight positions and seven spare batteries." Hang Wanqiang, the person in charge of the heavy truck replacement project of Xinjiang Zhaoyuan Green Energy Co., Ltd., said that it will operate in cooperation with Xinjiang Suhong Logistics Co., Ltd., and the logistics company has purchased 10 heavy trucks.

　　According to the previous investigation and forecast, after the heavy trucks are put into operation, the logistics cost will be reduced by 5 yuan per ton. In the future, Xinjiang Zhaoyuan Green Energy also plans to build power stations in Kuitun City and dushanzi area in Karamay City, and invest at least 200 heavy-duty trucks to build the "Kuidu Wujin Mountain Corner" demonstration trunk line for heavy-duty trucks.

　　In January this year, the People’s Government of the Autonomous Region issued the Guiding Opinions on Further Accelerating the Promotion and Application of New Energy Vehicles and Industrial Development (hereinafter referred to as the Opinions), proposing to accelerate the electrification of transportation and the demonstration construction of hydrogen fuel with the focus on "Urumqi-Changzhou-Shijiazhuang", "Kuidu-Urumqi" and the joint control area of atmospheric defense in Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. By 2025, no less than 150 urban (intercity) public charging and replacing power stations will be built and put into operation.

　　Driven by the Opinions, in April this year, Xinjiang’s first electric heavy truck exchange power station was put into use in Ganquanbao Economic and Technological Development Zone.

A heavy truck is charging in Wucaiwan Industrial Park. Photo courtesy of the interviewed companies

　　Before promoting the construction of heavy-duty truck-changing power station, heavy-duty truck charging scenes had been applied in Wucaiwan Industrial Park in Xinjiang and Heishan Coal Mine in Toksun County. In 2020, Xinjiang Energy and Chemical Wucaiwan Power Generation Co., Ltd. built heavy-duty truck charging piles in Wucaiwan Industrial Park. In 2021, seven heavy-duty trucks were operated for a total of 378,794 kilometers, and the annual cumulative emission reduction was about 694 tons.

　　(The publication of manuscripts on this website must be authorized in writing. Reprinting, editing, copying and creating mirror images without authorization are prohibited, and offenders will be investigated for legal responsibility according to law. )

On September 25th, official website, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, published the Reply to the Proposal No.5074 of the Second Session of the 13th National People’s Congress (hereinafter referred to as the Reply), which responded to the proposal of Xia Wu Zhuo Ma, a representative of the National People’s Congress, to enact a law prohibiting cruelty to animals. The "Reply" said that it is difficult to effectively crack down on cruelty to animals and other behaviors that are generally opposed by the public because of the lack of relevant legislative provisions. It is indeed necessary to improve legislation.

Legislation to prohibit cruelty to animals is still a relatively frontier topic in China’s current legislative work and has not been included in the recent legislative plan. But this does not mean that there are no relevant laws and regulations in China.

China’s animal husbandry law stipulates specific issues such as feeding, environment, setting, epidemic prevention, quarantine and transportation of livestock and poultry breeding, and clearly puts forward that "developing high-quality, efficient, ecological and safe animal husbandry"; The Law on the Protection of Wild Animals also states that "the state implements the principle of giving priority to the protection of wild animals, standardizing their utilization and strictly supervising them, encourages scientific research on wild animals, cultivates citizens’ awareness of protecting wild animals and promotes the harmonious development between man and nature". In the controversial field of animal experiments, China also has a special Regulation on the Management of Experimental Animals to ensure that the management of experimental animals follows unified planning and reasonable division of labor, and is transferred to the second edition.

Continued from the first edition is conducive to promoting the scientific research and application of experimental animals.

In 2010, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the Opinions on Further Strengthening the Management of Zoos, requiring zoos to make clear regulations on animal feed quality, cage conditions, heatstroke prevention and cold protection facilities, medical treatment, and the disposal of dead animals’ carcasses, and at the same time requiring no animal performances to avoid animals being disturbed and stimulated.

In practice, there are cases in which the cruelty to animals has a serious social impact, and legal responsibility is also investigated according to the relevant laws of our country. In 2002, Liu, a student from Tsinghua University, threw a bear with sulfuric acid at the Beijing Zoo, which aroused strong social repercussions. In April 2003, the People’s Court of Xicheng District, Beijing first sentenced Liu to intentional damage to property and was exempted from criminal punishment.

For some time, in order to attract the attention of netizens, there are often videos of cruelty to animals in live webcasts, and even a secret industrial chain of online customization and selling of such videos has been formed, which has had an extremely bad impact on society. According to the provisions of China’s cyber security law prohibiting "spreading violent, obscene and pornographic information", the relevant video producers can be investigated for legal responsibility according to law.

To sum up, although we don’t have a law prohibiting cruelty to animals or an animal welfare law, the law will not sit idly by and ignore cruelty to animals, which is a basic requirement of a society ruled by law.

Of course, the legislative suggestions of NPC deputies reflect that with the progress of society and the development of civilization, a clear, systematic and perfect law prohibiting cruelty to animals meets the people’s new requirements and expectations for the rule of law and social fairness and justice. The response of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs released a clear signal-the state supports legislation prohibiting cruelty to animals, and the construction of the rule of law will keep pace with the development of social civilization.

We believe that legislation prohibiting cruelty to animals, which promotes human civilization, will soon become a reality.

BYD, which contracted a pavilion to participate in the 2024 Chengdu International Auto Show, has undoubtedly become the focus of this year’s Chengdu Auto Show. In the BYD Pavilion, the Equation Leopard booth exudes a strong hard-core and technological attributes as a whole. Among them, Equation Leopard 8, the first new energy off-road vehicle jointly developed by BYD and Huawei Gankun Zhijia and equipped with a hard-core exclusive intelligent driving scheme, not only shows the latest achievements of Equation Leopard in the field of new energy vehicles, but also indicates that the new energy transformation of off-road vehicle market has officially kicked off.

DMO+ Yunnian -P meets the needs of multi-scene travel.

As the second product of Equation Leopard, Leopard 8 locates super hybrid intelligent hard-core SUV, which is based on BYD DMO super hybrid off-road platform, adopts electric hybrid architecture, and integrates BYD DM-i’s technical advantages of "fast, quiet, smooth and green", and has the characteristics of strong safety, strong power and strong passability.

In terms of power, the equation Leopard 8 is equipped with a 2.0T longitudinal high-power engine+Leopard 8 with front and rear dual-motor power system, which shows the above characteristics to the fullest.

At the same time, DMO platform can be perfectly compatible with Yunqi -P intelligent hydraulic body control system, and realize a wonderful experience of 1+1 > 2. Leopard 8 is equipped with the self-developed platform of the same model-the full-featured version of Yunqi -P system, which has the functions of active preview, body height adjustment, stiffness adjustment, damping adjustment and four-wheel linkage, bringing stronger driving control, comfort and all-terrain passability, and the ultimate performance and driving comfort are both available, satisfying users’ worry-free travel in all weather and all scenes.

In terms of body size, the length of equation Leopard 8 is close to 5.2 meters, which is more slender than that of tank 700, but slightly smaller in width, height and wheelbase. At the same time, Leopard 8 offers 6-seat and 7-seat models to meet the travel needs of different families.

"Future Star Ship Aesthetics" Highlights the Sense of Design Value

In terms of design language, Leopard 8 and Leopard 5 both adopt the family-style design of "Future Star Ship Aesthetics", but Leopard 8′ s U-shaped headlight group and penetrating LED strip, as well as the thicker front bumper design, show a more tough style. The roof of Leopard 8 is equipped with a watchtower lidar and two "horn" cameras, which shows its high-level intelligent driving system.

At the same time, in the interior design, Leopard 8 also has many bright spots. Although the interior of Leopard 8 was not open for shooting at Chengdu Auto Show, no matter the official photos released before or the spy photos taken by some media, the vehicle will use a lot of layout and outline styles similar to Leopard 5, and realize a three-screen layout symmetrical with the central control screen. Among them, the digital dashboard and the co-pilot entertainment screen will be decorated with the air outlets at both ends, and independent grab handrails will be arranged from the door, the roof to the lifting gear shifting mechanism, and even the air outlet to help users cope with the complicated outdoor road conditions. In terms of some configurations, Leopard 8 will provide front dual 50W wireless charging boards, rear dual LCD screens, rear armrest car refrigerators and so on.

Join hands with Huawei to create a smarter leopard.

It is worth mentioning that not long ago BYD Equation Leopard and Huawei signed an intelligent driving cooperation agreement in Shenzhen. This cooperation is based on the strategic cooperation between the two groups, and the in-depth joint research and development of intelligent driving is carried out for BYD’s Equation Leopard car. The first product focuses on the Equation Leopard 8 model.

As the first model of BYD & Huawei’s strong alliance, Equation Leopard 8 will be equipped with Huawei Gankun Intelligent Driving ADS 3.0, becoming the world’s first hard-core model equipped with Huawei Intelligent Driving, and also the first model of BYD’s Huawei Intelligent Driving.

Moreover, the ADS 3.0 carried on Equation Leopard 8 is different from the ADS SE carried by Huawei Gankun Zhijia in Deep Blue and the ADS 3.0 carried by HarmonyOS Zhixing’s products. The ADS 3.0 carried on Leopard 8 is actually a set of hard-core exclusive intelligent driving scheme. In addition to the traditional high-speed/city intelligent navigation, intelligent parking and other functions, it will also add the exclusive intelligent driving function of hard-core SUV. What exactly this function is provided by the bureau remains to be announced, but some people who have demonstrated many innovative off-road auxiliary functions through the easy Sifang technology platform look up to U8. I believe that joining hands with Huawei’s Leopard 8 this time will never just be a gimmick.

The arrival of Equation Leopard 8 has undoubtedly brought new choices to the new energy hard-core off-road vehicle market. It is equipped with three differential locks and Yunqi -P intelligent hydraulic body control system, as well as luxurious interior and flexible seat layout, showing its perfect balance between hard-core off-road and luxury and comfort. With its official listing approaching, Leopard 8 is expected to become the new favorite in the market, bringing more rich and diverse choices to consumers.